District elections for_city_council

At-Large vs. District Elections Consequences for Representation

Advantages of At-Large Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Advantages of District Elections ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Use of Electoral System by City Size Source: National League of Cities, 2003. Small (<25,000 pop.) Medium (25,000-199,999) Large (>200,000) At-large 59% 58% 13% District 24% 27% 49% Mixed 17% 18% 38%

How At-Large Systems Dilute ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Likely result of at-large elections: 9 White council members White Voters Black Voters

Music for the Prom ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Lani Guinier: The Tyranny of the Majority (1994)

How District Systems Help ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Likely result of district elections: 6 White council members, 3 Black White Voters Black Voters

Complications… ,[object Object],[object Object]

The Bottom Line: ,[object Object],[object Object]

Black Representation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: Susan Welch, “The Impact of At-Large Elections on the Representation of Blacks and Hispanics.” Journal of Politics 52, 4 (Nov. 1990). Representational parity = 1.0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Latino Representation

Latino Representation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Representational parity = 1.0

What Helps Latinos? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What About Hayward? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: US Census

Guinier’s Critique ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

What is Representation? ,[object Object],[object Object]

Summing Up ,[object Object],[object Object]

District elections for_city_council

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