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A2 G325: Critical Perspectives in Media
The purpose of this unit is to assess candidates’ knowledge and understanding
of media concepts, contexts and critical debates, through their understanding
of one contemporary media issue and their ability to evaluate their own practical
work in reflective and theoretical ways.

   •   The examination is two hours
   •   Candidates are required to answer two compulsory questions, on their
       own production work, and one question from a choice of six topic areas
       (We're doing Media and Collective Identity).
   •   The unit is marked out of a total of 100, with the two questions on
       production work marked out of 25 each, and the media theory question
       marked out of 50.


There are two sections to this paper:

Section A: Theoretical Evaluation of Production (50 marks)

Section B: Contemporary Media Issues (50 marks)

Section B: Contemporary Media Issues
One question to be answered from a choice of six topic areas offered by OCR.
There will be two questions from each topic area.

The topic areas require understanding of contemporary media texts, industries,
audiences and debates.

   •   Candidates/ centres must a topic area, in advance of the examination and,
       through specific case studies, texts, debates and prepare to demonstrate
       understanding of the contemporary issue.
   •   This understanding must combine knowledge of at least two media and a
       range of texts, industries, audiences and debates, but these are to be
       selected by the centre / candidate.
   •   The assessment of the response will be generic, allowing for the broadest
       possible range of responses within the topic area chosen.
   •   Each topic is accompanied by four prompt questions, and candidates
       must be prepared to answer an exam question that relates to one or more
       of these four prompts. There should be emphasis on the historical, the
       contemporary and the future in relation to the chosen topic, with most
       attention on the present.




                                        2
Some thoughts on identity

"Identity is complicated. Everyone thinks they've got one.
  Magazines and talk show hosts urge us to explore our
'identity.' Religious and national identities are at the heart
of major international conflicts. Artists play with the idea of
      'identity' in modern society. Blockbuster movie
  superheroes have emotional conflicts about their 'true'
   identity. And the average teenager can create three
             online 'identities' before breakfast."

                  David Gauntlett (2007).


                  On the one hand, identity is something unique to each of us that we assume is more or
                  less consistent (and hence the same) overtime... our identity is something we uniquely
                   possess: it is what distinguishes us from other people. Yet on the other hand, identity
                  also implies a relationship with a broader collective or social group of some kind. When
                     we talk about national identity, cultural identity, or gender identity, for example, we
                      imply that our identity is partly a matter of what we share with other people. Here,
                     identity is about identification with others whom we assume are similar to us (if not
                                      exactly the same), at least in some significant ways.

                                                David Buckingham (2008).
                                       He argues that identity is complicated/complex.



         “…collective identity [is] an individual's cognitive, moral, and emotional
  connection with a community, category, practice, or institution. It is a perception
   of a shared status or relation, which may be imagined rather than experienced
   directly, and it is distinct from personal identities, although it may form part of a
       personal identity. A collective identity may have been first constructed by
  outsiders, who may still enforce it, but it depends on some acceptance by those
    to whom it is applied. Collective identities are expressed in cultural materials -
   names, narratives, symbols, verbal styles, rituals, clothing, and so on - but not
     all cultural materials express collective identities. Collective identity does not
  imply the rational calculus for evaluating choices that "interest" does. And unlike
   ideology collective identity carries with it positive feelings for other members of
                                          the group“

           COLLECTIVE IDENTITY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS.
  Annual Review of Sociology, January 01, 2001, Polletta, Francesca; Jasper,
                                 James M




                                                      3
The important thing to remember about this exam is that you are theorising the
concept of collective identity, what is? How is it formed? And how do people use
the media to relate to an identity? Also remember what collective group you are
talking about ‘Black Britons’. I’ll break these revision notes down into the 4
questions that you need to be able to address. In addition when answering the
exam


           How do the contemporary media represent nations, regions and ethnic/
           social/ collective groups of people in different ways?
           How does contemporary representation compare to previous time
           periods?
           What are the social implications of different media representations of
           groups of people?
           To what extent is human identity increasingly 'mediated'?
           Remember the case study texts I’ve provided you with FILM AND
           MUSIC texts but you can use others, as long as you reference 2
           different types of media in the exam its okay.

Historical    - dependent on the requirements of the topic, candidates must
summarise the development of the media forms in question in theoretical
contexts.
Films

   •    Sapphire, Basil Dearden (1959)
   •    Flame in the Streets, Roy Ward Baker (1962)
   •    Pressure, Horace Ove (1976)
   •    Babylon, Franco Rosso (1980)

Music

   •    2 Tone (Genre)
   •    The Specials

Contemporary - current issues within the topic area.
Films

   •    Kidulthood, Menhaj Huda (2006)
   •    Adulthood, Noel Clarke (2008)
   •    Shank, Mo Ali (2010)
   •    Freestyle, Kolton Lee, (2010)
   •    1 Day Penny Woolcock (2009)




                                         4
Television

   •    Eastenders (BBC1)
   •    Dubplate Drama (Channel 4, 2005 -2009)
   •    Luther (BBC1, 2010)
   •    West 10 LDN (BBC3, 2008)

Music

   •    Grime & UK Hip-hop
   •    Wiley
   •    Kano
   •    Dizzie Rascal
   •    Bashy
   •    Giggs
   •    Skinny Man
   •    Akala
   •    N-Dubz


Future - candidates must demonstrate personal engagement with debates
about the future of the media forms / issues that the topic relates to.

   •    Shank, Mo Ali (2010)




                                       5
BREAKING THE QUESTIONS DOWN
Exam Board Wording                Translation                   Examples
1. How do the contemporary        The question is essentially   Compare how ‘Black Britain’ is
media represent nations,          asking you to compare         represented through film texts and
regions and ethnic/ social/       how different                 music, briefly refer to historical
collective groups of people in    contemporary media            texts to get the point across that
different ways?                   construct (represent)         the landscape and make up of
                                  Black Britain in different    what we now refer to (or
                                  ways                          hypothesise) as Black Britain has
                                                                changed. Explain how the media
                                                                has contributed to this change,
                                                                how do films like Adulthood,
                                                                Kidulthood, 1 Day etc construct
                                                                Black Britain compared to music
                                                                texts and artists.
2. How does contemporary          Compare how                   Compare how ‘Black Britain’ is
representation compare to         contemporary media            represented through film texts and
previous time periods?            construct (represent)         music in contemporary media text
                                  Black Britain as opposed      and historical media texts. Why
                                  to how historical media       were Black Britons represented in
                                  texts constructed Black       a particular way? Has is changed or
                                  Britain                       stated the same why? Music is
                                                                important here as there may not
                                                                be as a significant change as there
                                                                was with film

3. What are the social            What is the significance      This links in with the first
implications of different media   on society when different     question. Think about who
representations of groups of      media construct Black         consumes the media texts we have
people?                           Britain in different ways?    studied e.g. the films and the
                                                                music, what do they do with it? Do
                                                                they use the texts to help form
                                                                their own identity and become
                                                                part of that collective group. Or if
                                                                outside of the ‘collective group’ do
                                                                they use it to form their opinions
                                                                of that collective group.
4. To what extent is human        How much of someone’s         Identity is constructed and
identity increasingly             identity can be said to       mediated (it goes through a
'mediated'?                       come about due too a          selection and organisation
                                  thought process               process). So how do Black Britons
                                  influenced by the media?      use the film and music to help
                                                                them to organise and select their
                                                                identity?



                                                 6
APPLYING THE TEXTS WITH RELEVANCE

Sapphire, Basil Dearden (1959)

      Historical text
      Good for construction of how whites viewed Blacks e.g. the scene in
      the club (Tulips) referring to light skinned women as ‘Lilyskins’.
      Shaping them as ‘Other’ being from the jungle dancing to the sound of
      the drum. The use of the red petticoat insinuating that black women
      are promiscuous, the use of the characters of ‘Johnny’ and ‘Horace Big
      Cigar’ their use language and the way the address the police showing
      them to be almost illiterate and submissive. What other examples can
      you extract?
      An example of Hegemony
      White director
      Social realist film/ Racial problem film
      Made just after Empire Windrush arrived

Flame in the Streets, Roy Ward Baker (1962)

      Historical text
      Good for construction of how whites viewed Blacks, Gabriel referred to
      as an animal by his wife when eating bread, the use of the Mods, etc
      Representing the changing landscape of Britain e.g. mixed race
      relationships
      Social realist film/ Racial problem film
      Implementation of new immigration laws
      White director

Pressure, Horace Ove (1976)

      Britain’s first black feature film
      Black director
      First film that featured the struggle and disenchantment faced by
      British-born black youths
      Deals with the identity struggles that children of immigrants had to face
      Social realist structure

Kidulthood, Menhaj Huda (2006) and Adulthood, Noel Clarke (2008)

      Contemporary text
      Films that represent the change in the meaning of ‘Black Britain’
      through the representation of a youth subculture
      Asian director and black director who grew up in the area the films
      were made



                                    7
Films have become hegemonic texts of what it means to be young and
        ‘black’ or part of that collective identity
        Films that link in the music of the subculture, and so were popular
        Focus on the youth the older generation missing in these films

  Freestyle, Kolton Lee, (2010)

        Contemporary text
        Provides a more positive representation of young ‘Black Britain’
        Single dad – positive representation
        All generations represented
        Young black people having access to opportunities and wanting to
        achieve
        But wasn’t as popular as films such as Adulthood and Shank

  1 Day Penny Woolcock (2009)

         Contemporary text
         White director
         Gangs in Birmingham
         Uses music of the subculture



2 Tone and The Specials

     A music genre created in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s by fusing
     elements of ska, punk rock, rocksteady, reggae and pop.
     Music unlike film didn’t segregate
     Youth found a common ground through their social experience and
     communicated musically
     British-born black youth and white youths mixing with no hostility

Contemporary music artists

     Dizzie Rascal, N-Dubz, Skinny Man
     Following in the footsteps of 2 Tone
     Paul Gilroy writing about music in the 1960s and 1970s “an historic
     encounter between young black and white people… [and] the
     creation of a youth sub-culture in which black style and expertise
     were absolutely central.” This still is the case now




                                        8
KEY WORDS and TERMINOLOGY

Mediation
The process by which the media select, alter, interpret, edit or invent aspects of
the world before presenting it to the audience in the form of representations.
There is an important difference between mediated experience and one’s direct
personal experience

      “…our knowledge of the world is constructed by media
   representations” (Andrews, Maggie. Burton, Julia. & Stevenson, Elspeth.
   (2009). AQA A2 Media Studies: Student's Book (Aqa Media Studies for A2).
   Surrey: Nelson Thornes Ltd.)

Hegemony
Antonio Gramsci and the concept of hegemony, put simply ‘hegemony’ refers to
the supremacy of one social grouping over the other. Gramsci argued that the
ruling elite always makes great efforts to persuade the rest of the population that
maintaining the status quo is ‘common sense’. This involves convincing them that
supporting the interests of the elite is in their own best interests.

      “…media representations of ‘race’ and ethnicity are constructed in
   accordance with dominant ideological positionings which serve to
   shape and control how individuals understand others’, and their own,
   identities.” Fatimah Awan, Young People, Identity and the Media, PhD
   Research Project, 2008


Representation
  • The constructed and mediated presentation of people, things, ideas,
     places
  • Representation is the process by which the media present the ‘real world’
  • Most importantly to represent is to ‘re-present’

       “ In agreement with Hall, a significant body of research suggests that
   the media, as a key transmitter of representations and as a major source
   of information within society, has the power to control and shape
   attitudes and beliefs held in the popular imagination” Fatimah Awan,
   Young People, Identity and the Media, PhD Research Project, 2008

Post-Colonialism
Refers to a complex and competing set of discourses that consider the legacy
and intellectual ramifications of colonialism. By colonialism we are talking about
the process of colonisation intrinsic to Empire building: one country’s claim to
sovereignty over another. When referring to colonialism there is therefore a
tendency to make implicit reference to the British Empire.



                                        9
Black-British
Original meaning a British resident with specifically Sub-Saharan African
ancestral origins, who self-identifies, or is identified, as "Black", African or Afro-
Caribbean.

Imperial ‘Other’
Referring to Black migrants from former British colonies, who are seen as not
belonging in the country they have migrated to

Youth sub-culture
A minority youth culture whose distinctiveness depended largely on the social
class and ethnic background of its members; often characterized by its adoption
of a particular music genre

Syncretism
Reconciliation or fusion of differing systems of belief, as in philosophy or religion,
especially when success is partial or the result is heterogeneous.


                         SOME THOUGHTS TO END

       What does it mean to be part of the collective group ‘Black Britain’
       What did it mean to be ‘Black British’ and why has this changed?
       How do the media represent ‘Black Britain’?
       How can music be seen as anti-hegemonic in it’s representation of ‘Black
       Britain’?
       How do people use the media to help form an identity?


               REVISE USEFUL QUOTES ON THE BLOG!




                                         10

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A2 G325 revision booklet

  • 1. 1
  • 2. A2 G325: Critical Perspectives in Media The purpose of this unit is to assess candidates’ knowledge and understanding of media concepts, contexts and critical debates, through their understanding of one contemporary media issue and their ability to evaluate their own practical work in reflective and theoretical ways. • The examination is two hours • Candidates are required to answer two compulsory questions, on their own production work, and one question from a choice of six topic areas (We're doing Media and Collective Identity). • The unit is marked out of a total of 100, with the two questions on production work marked out of 25 each, and the media theory question marked out of 50. There are two sections to this paper: Section A: Theoretical Evaluation of Production (50 marks) Section B: Contemporary Media Issues (50 marks) Section B: Contemporary Media Issues One question to be answered from a choice of six topic areas offered by OCR. There will be two questions from each topic area. The topic areas require understanding of contemporary media texts, industries, audiences and debates. • Candidates/ centres must a topic area, in advance of the examination and, through specific case studies, texts, debates and prepare to demonstrate understanding of the contemporary issue. • This understanding must combine knowledge of at least two media and a range of texts, industries, audiences and debates, but these are to be selected by the centre / candidate. • The assessment of the response will be generic, allowing for the broadest possible range of responses within the topic area chosen. • Each topic is accompanied by four prompt questions, and candidates must be prepared to answer an exam question that relates to one or more of these four prompts. There should be emphasis on the historical, the contemporary and the future in relation to the chosen topic, with most attention on the present. 2
  • 3. Some thoughts on identity "Identity is complicated. Everyone thinks they've got one. Magazines and talk show hosts urge us to explore our 'identity.' Religious and national identities are at the heart of major international conflicts. Artists play with the idea of 'identity' in modern society. Blockbuster movie superheroes have emotional conflicts about their 'true' identity. And the average teenager can create three online 'identities' before breakfast." David Gauntlett (2007). On the one hand, identity is something unique to each of us that we assume is more or less consistent (and hence the same) overtime... our identity is something we uniquely possess: it is what distinguishes us from other people. Yet on the other hand, identity also implies a relationship with a broader collective or social group of some kind. When we talk about national identity, cultural identity, or gender identity, for example, we imply that our identity is partly a matter of what we share with other people. Here, identity is about identification with others whom we assume are similar to us (if not exactly the same), at least in some significant ways. David Buckingham (2008). He argues that identity is complicated/complex. “…collective identity [is] an individual's cognitive, moral, and emotional connection with a community, category, practice, or institution. It is a perception of a shared status or relation, which may be imagined rather than experienced directly, and it is distinct from personal identities, although it may form part of a personal identity. A collective identity may have been first constructed by outsiders, who may still enforce it, but it depends on some acceptance by those to whom it is applied. Collective identities are expressed in cultural materials - names, narratives, symbols, verbal styles, rituals, clothing, and so on - but not all cultural materials express collective identities. Collective identity does not imply the rational calculus for evaluating choices that "interest" does. And unlike ideology collective identity carries with it positive feelings for other members of the group“ COLLECTIVE IDENTITY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS. Annual Review of Sociology, January 01, 2001, Polletta, Francesca; Jasper, James M 3
  • 4. The important thing to remember about this exam is that you are theorising the concept of collective identity, what is? How is it formed? And how do people use the media to relate to an identity? Also remember what collective group you are talking about ‘Black Britons’. I’ll break these revision notes down into the 4 questions that you need to be able to address. In addition when answering the exam How do the contemporary media represent nations, regions and ethnic/ social/ collective groups of people in different ways? How does contemporary representation compare to previous time periods? What are the social implications of different media representations of groups of people? To what extent is human identity increasingly 'mediated'? Remember the case study texts I’ve provided you with FILM AND MUSIC texts but you can use others, as long as you reference 2 different types of media in the exam its okay. Historical - dependent on the requirements of the topic, candidates must summarise the development of the media forms in question in theoretical contexts. Films • Sapphire, Basil Dearden (1959) • Flame in the Streets, Roy Ward Baker (1962) • Pressure, Horace Ove (1976) • Babylon, Franco Rosso (1980) Music • 2 Tone (Genre) • The Specials Contemporary - current issues within the topic area. Films • Kidulthood, Menhaj Huda (2006) • Adulthood, Noel Clarke (2008) • Shank, Mo Ali (2010) • Freestyle, Kolton Lee, (2010) • 1 Day Penny Woolcock (2009) 4
  • 5. Television • Eastenders (BBC1) • Dubplate Drama (Channel 4, 2005 -2009) • Luther (BBC1, 2010) • West 10 LDN (BBC3, 2008) Music • Grime & UK Hip-hop • Wiley • Kano • Dizzie Rascal • Bashy • Giggs • Skinny Man • Akala • N-Dubz Future - candidates must demonstrate personal engagement with debates about the future of the media forms / issues that the topic relates to. • Shank, Mo Ali (2010) 5
  • 6. BREAKING THE QUESTIONS DOWN Exam Board Wording Translation Examples 1. How do the contemporary The question is essentially Compare how ‘Black Britain’ is media represent nations, asking you to compare represented through film texts and regions and ethnic/ social/ how different music, briefly refer to historical collective groups of people in contemporary media texts to get the point across that different ways? construct (represent) the landscape and make up of Black Britain in different what we now refer to (or ways hypothesise) as Black Britain has changed. Explain how the media has contributed to this change, how do films like Adulthood, Kidulthood, 1 Day etc construct Black Britain compared to music texts and artists. 2. How does contemporary Compare how Compare how ‘Black Britain’ is representation compare to contemporary media represented through film texts and previous time periods? construct (represent) music in contemporary media text Black Britain as opposed and historical media texts. Why to how historical media were Black Britons represented in texts constructed Black a particular way? Has is changed or Britain stated the same why? Music is important here as there may not be as a significant change as there was with film 3. What are the social What is the significance This links in with the first implications of different media on society when different question. Think about who representations of groups of media construct Black consumes the media texts we have people? Britain in different ways? studied e.g. the films and the music, what do they do with it? Do they use the texts to help form their own identity and become part of that collective group. Or if outside of the ‘collective group’ do they use it to form their opinions of that collective group. 4. To what extent is human How much of someone’s Identity is constructed and identity increasingly identity can be said to mediated (it goes through a 'mediated'? come about due too a selection and organisation thought process process). So how do Black Britons influenced by the media? use the film and music to help them to organise and select their identity? 6
  • 7. APPLYING THE TEXTS WITH RELEVANCE Sapphire, Basil Dearden (1959) Historical text Good for construction of how whites viewed Blacks e.g. the scene in the club (Tulips) referring to light skinned women as ‘Lilyskins’. Shaping them as ‘Other’ being from the jungle dancing to the sound of the drum. The use of the red petticoat insinuating that black women are promiscuous, the use of the characters of ‘Johnny’ and ‘Horace Big Cigar’ their use language and the way the address the police showing them to be almost illiterate and submissive. What other examples can you extract? An example of Hegemony White director Social realist film/ Racial problem film Made just after Empire Windrush arrived Flame in the Streets, Roy Ward Baker (1962) Historical text Good for construction of how whites viewed Blacks, Gabriel referred to as an animal by his wife when eating bread, the use of the Mods, etc Representing the changing landscape of Britain e.g. mixed race relationships Social realist film/ Racial problem film Implementation of new immigration laws White director Pressure, Horace Ove (1976) Britain’s first black feature film Black director First film that featured the struggle and disenchantment faced by British-born black youths Deals with the identity struggles that children of immigrants had to face Social realist structure Kidulthood, Menhaj Huda (2006) and Adulthood, Noel Clarke (2008) Contemporary text Films that represent the change in the meaning of ‘Black Britain’ through the representation of a youth subculture Asian director and black director who grew up in the area the films were made 7
  • 8. Films have become hegemonic texts of what it means to be young and ‘black’ or part of that collective identity Films that link in the music of the subculture, and so were popular Focus on the youth the older generation missing in these films Freestyle, Kolton Lee, (2010) Contemporary text Provides a more positive representation of young ‘Black Britain’ Single dad – positive representation All generations represented Young black people having access to opportunities and wanting to achieve But wasn’t as popular as films such as Adulthood and Shank 1 Day Penny Woolcock (2009) Contemporary text White director Gangs in Birmingham Uses music of the subculture 2 Tone and The Specials A music genre created in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s by fusing elements of ska, punk rock, rocksteady, reggae and pop. Music unlike film didn’t segregate Youth found a common ground through their social experience and communicated musically British-born black youth and white youths mixing with no hostility Contemporary music artists Dizzie Rascal, N-Dubz, Skinny Man Following in the footsteps of 2 Tone Paul Gilroy writing about music in the 1960s and 1970s “an historic encounter between young black and white people… [and] the creation of a youth sub-culture in which black style and expertise were absolutely central.” This still is the case now 8
  • 9. KEY WORDS and TERMINOLOGY Mediation The process by which the media select, alter, interpret, edit or invent aspects of the world before presenting it to the audience in the form of representations. There is an important difference between mediated experience and one’s direct personal experience “…our knowledge of the world is constructed by media representations” (Andrews, Maggie. Burton, Julia. & Stevenson, Elspeth. (2009). AQA A2 Media Studies: Student's Book (Aqa Media Studies for A2). Surrey: Nelson Thornes Ltd.) Hegemony Antonio Gramsci and the concept of hegemony, put simply ‘hegemony’ refers to the supremacy of one social grouping over the other. Gramsci argued that the ruling elite always makes great efforts to persuade the rest of the population that maintaining the status quo is ‘common sense’. This involves convincing them that supporting the interests of the elite is in their own best interests. “…media representations of ‘race’ and ethnicity are constructed in accordance with dominant ideological positionings which serve to shape and control how individuals understand others’, and their own, identities.” Fatimah Awan, Young People, Identity and the Media, PhD Research Project, 2008 Representation • The constructed and mediated presentation of people, things, ideas, places • Representation is the process by which the media present the ‘real world’ • Most importantly to represent is to ‘re-present’ “ In agreement with Hall, a significant body of research suggests that the media, as a key transmitter of representations and as a major source of information within society, has the power to control and shape attitudes and beliefs held in the popular imagination” Fatimah Awan, Young People, Identity and the Media, PhD Research Project, 2008 Post-Colonialism Refers to a complex and competing set of discourses that consider the legacy and intellectual ramifications of colonialism. By colonialism we are talking about the process of colonisation intrinsic to Empire building: one country’s claim to sovereignty over another. When referring to colonialism there is therefore a tendency to make implicit reference to the British Empire. 9
  • 10. Black-British Original meaning a British resident with specifically Sub-Saharan African ancestral origins, who self-identifies, or is identified, as "Black", African or Afro- Caribbean. Imperial ‘Other’ Referring to Black migrants from former British colonies, who are seen as not belonging in the country they have migrated to Youth sub-culture A minority youth culture whose distinctiveness depended largely on the social class and ethnic background of its members; often characterized by its adoption of a particular music genre Syncretism Reconciliation or fusion of differing systems of belief, as in philosophy or religion, especially when success is partial or the result is heterogeneous. SOME THOUGHTS TO END What does it mean to be part of the collective group ‘Black Britain’ What did it mean to be ‘Black British’ and why has this changed? How do the media represent ‘Black Britain’? How can music be seen as anti-hegemonic in it’s representation of ‘Black Britain’? How do people use the media to help form an identity? REVISE USEFUL QUOTES ON THE BLOG! 10