9. Prehistoric Media: Cave Painting Oldest cave paintings yet discovered: Chauvet Caves, France, between 30,000 and 40,000 years old. The tradition continues largely unchanged until after 10,000 BC.
19. Marcelino Sanz de Sautola (1880): publishes Some Brief Notes on Prehistoric Objects from the Province of Santander. “ It has been proved that Prehistoric men depicted pictures of animals on hard surfaces and tools, and it is beyond doubt that the paintings in Altamira are just as old.” Published drawing by Sautola of the Altamira paintings
24. The Abbe (Henri) Breuil: --Relates Prehistoric Art to hunting. --Believes art began with a desire for disguise, and the first medium was masks, which were a necessity for hunting since they enabled men to approach nearer to animals. Also claims prehistoric men would believe disguises would give them a supernatural power over the animals. --Cave and rock art initially developed from people noticing resemblances between lines and cave walls and the anatomy of animals. Art was begun and developed by hunters, who again believed it would give them a supernatural power over animals. --The reason Art is a pronounced phenomenon only in some areas it that it could develop only where big game hunting actually occurred.
25. The Abbe (Henri) Breuil: HUNTING MAGIC SYMPATHETIC MAGIC DESIGNED TO AID IN HUNTING
26. The Abbe (Henri) Breuil: HUNTING MAGIC ANIMALS AS SUBJECTS: FOOD SUPPLY, MATERIALS (skins, bones for tools)
34. MAX RAPHAEL: CLAN TOTEMS Underlying composition of Altamira, by Max Raphael --Believed the paintings were not isolated images, but parts of large, planned compositions; they should be interpreted by the relationship of the parts to the whole rather than as individual motifs. --In terms of interpretation, he believed the animals represented totems of clans—social groups represented by a horse, bison, mammoth, or some other animal. This is why certain animals were dominant in certain caves. Illustrations told stories of struggles and interactions between clans.
36. JEAN CLOTTES (with DAVID LEWIS- WILLIAMS): --A return to theories involving shamanism and magic --The caves represented a kind of liminal space --Abstract markings may represent entoptic phenomenon.
37. NEOLITHIC: Catal Huyuk (Turkey) --The best preserved Neolithic city; near Konya, Turkey --Inhabited from c.7500 BC to c.5700 BC --Had a population of perhaps 10,000 people in mudbrick houses --The primary deity seems to to have been a female fertility figure --The site was discovered in 1961
38. --DOLMEN --CAIRN --MEGALITHIC --MONOLITH --MENHIR/ALIGNMENT --POST --LINTEL (POST AND LINTEL) --TRILITH --MORTICE AND TENON --CROMLECH/HENGE MONUMENT NEOLITHIC STONE ARCHITECTURE (NORTHERN EUROPE)
