Neurons

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Neurons FOS 3 Infectious Disease Unit

Neurons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Structure of a Neuron ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Structure of a Neuron ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Neuron Function ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Membrane Potential ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Resting Potential ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Action Potential ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Action Potential ,[object Object]

Neurotransmitters ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Neurotransmitters ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Neurotransmitters ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath. Function of Dendrites. In order for neurons to become active, they must receive action potentials or other stimuli. Dendrites are the structures on the neuron that receive electrical messages. These messages come in two basic forms: excitatory and inhibitory. The Cell body (soma) is the factory of the neuron. It produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and polysomes to provide energy and make the parts, as well as a production line to assemble the parts into completed products.

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description about neurones, General introduction Neurone classification – Myelinated and Non – Myelinated Special features of a neurone Resting Membrane Potential Action Potential Nerst Equation Ionic distribution Synaptic transmission Conclusion. Myelinated Neurone,nonMyelinated Neurone. special properties of neurone(excitability,conduction,transmission,integration,excitability). Rwsting membrane potential,action potential.nernst equation,ionic distribution of extracellular ions and intracellular ions.a little bit about how synaptic transmission occurs.from one nerve to another nerve.nerve impulse generation.neuro humoral transmission,etc.

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Nervous system intro, neurons Branches of nervous system (generally speaking) Neuron abilities Neuron organization-know whats special about all these components and how they fit together. See details of AP and Synaptic communication Dendrites Soma Hillock Axon In MN: myelination and nodes of ranvier Terminals EPSPs and IPSPs Receptors, ions involved, change in membrane potential Compare properties with APs! How summed, initiate AP AP Know different phases, ion channels involved, direction of current, effect on Vm, and stimulus for onset/off of different phases AP continued and Start Synapse Be fluent in concepts and mechanisms regarding Self propagation Unidirectional movement All or nothing amplitude Saltatory conduction - why and benefits Refractory period Absolute - inactivation 2 semi- independently regulated parts of Na channel Relative -hyperpol Solution Please find the answer below. Lec 10: 1. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. 2. The basic function of a neuron is to receive the information and send a signal to other neurons, muscles, or glands. First, a neuron receives information from the external environment or from other neurons. Then, the neuron integrates, or processes the information from all of its inputs and determines whether or not to send an output signal. 3. The dendrites and axon are thin cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron. The dendrites, which branch out in treelike fashion from the cell body, are specialized to receive signals and transmit them toward the cell body. The single long axon carries signals away from the cell body. The cell body (soma) is the enlarged portion of a neuron that most closely resembles other cells. Nodes of Ranvier are a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells. 4. Ion channels and direction: As an action potential travels down the axon, there is a change in polarity across the membrane. The Na+ and K+ gated ion channels open and close as the membrane reaches the threshold potential, in response to a signal from another neuron. At the beginning of the action potential, the Na+ channels open and Na+ moves into the axon, causing depolarization. Repolarization occurs when the K+ channels open and K+ moves out of the axon. This creates a change in polarity between the outside of the cell and the inside. The impulse travels down the axon in one direction only, to the axon terminal where it signals other neurons..

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Why do ion channels not function like open pores? What is membrane potential? How do K+ leak channels work? Why is the membrane potential of a resting cell negative? What is patch clamp recording? What is one of the major insights gained from patch clamp reporting experiments? Compare and contrast the three types of gated ion channels. Be familiar with the different parts of a neuron. During an action potential, what happens to the membrane potential, voltage-gated Na+ channels, Na+ ions, voltage gated K+ channels, K+ ions, and Na+-K+ ion pumps? When an action potential reaches a synapse, what happens to the Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ ions, neurotransmitters, transmitter-gated ion channels, and the post synaptic neuron? What effect do excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters have on postsynaptic cells? What is an example of a mechanically gated ion channel? Solution 1.Excitable cells, such as fast-acting neurons and muscle cells, have specialized channels that open in response to a signal and permit rapid ion movement across the cell membrane. The opening of just a single ion channel alters the electrical charge on both sides of the membrane. The resulting charge differential then causes adjacent voltage-sensitive channels to open in chain-reaction fashion, creating a self-propagating electrical signal that travels down the entire length of the cell. Sometimes, this sequence of events is triggered when a chemical signal — such as a neurotransmitter — binds to an ion channel receptor on cell\'s surface. Other times, a cell\'s ion channels open in response to mechanical (rather than chemical) stimuli. 2.In cells of all types, there is an electrical potential difference between the inside of the cell and the surrounding extracellular fluid. This is termed the membrane potential of the cell. When a nerve or muscle cell is at \"rest\", its membrane potential is called the resting membrane potential. In a typical neuron, this is about –70 millivolts (mV). The minus sign indicates that the inside of the cell is negative with respect to the surrounding extracellular fluid. 3.The leak channels allow K+ to move across the cell membrane down their gradients (from a high concentration toward a lower concentration). With the combined ion pumping and leakage of ions, the cell can maintain a stable resting membrane potential and create membrane potential of a resting cell negative. 4.Patch clamp recording is an extremely useful technique for investigating the biophysical properties of the ion channels that control neuronal activation. The procedure involves pressing a glass micropipette against a cell in order to isolate a small “patch” of membrane that contains one or more ion channels. The experimental setup further allows scientists to “clamp” the electrical environment of the patched area by precisely controlling the voltage across the cell membrane, which, depending on the ion channels present, impacts the flow of ions through the membrane and allow for int.

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Nerves

Neurons

1. Neurons FOS 3 Infectious Disease Unit

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Notes de l'éditeur

http://thepluripotent.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/02-25-09-neurons-confocal-mu1a-dcx.jpg
http://factoidz.com/images/user/neuron.jpg
http://factoidz.com/images/user/neuron.jpg
http://www.mindcreators.com/Images/NB_Neuron.gif
http://pdginnovates.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/neuron.jpg
http://faculty.irsc.edu/FACULTY/TFischer/AP1/resting%20membrane%20potential2.jpg
http://www.northernhighlands.org/712410710134232943/lib/712410710134232943/General/Neurotransmitters.gif
http://www.morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/images/neurotransmitters.gif