World War I

1. Warm-up
 What do people do when someone
insults their friends?

3. World War I beginnings
 Dates: 1914 to 1918
 Causes:
1. Nationalism
2. Imperialism
3. Militarism
4. Alliances

4. Nationalism
○Devotion to the interests of one’s nation
& culture
○competition between nations
○ethnic groups :independence
○Smaller nations sought protection from
larger nations

5. Imperialism
○Competition among world powers for
colonies that provided raw materials for
industry

6. Militarism
○Development of armed forces & use in
diplomacy
○Growth of imperialism & nationalism led
to increased military spending

7. Alliances
○Countries who vow to defend each
other in event of attack

9.  Immediate Cause:
Starts in Balkan Peninsula “powder
keg of Europe”
Assassination of archduke Franz
Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist on
June 1914

12. Chain Reaction
 Austria Serbia (July 28) and Russia
 Germany  Russia (August 1)
 Germany  France (august 3)
 Germany invades Belgium
 Britain  Germany and Austria-Hungary

15. The Fight
 Schlieffen Plan (Germany’s plan to win)
Hold action against Russia
Quickly move through Belgium to Paris
After France fell, would move all
troops to defeat Russia
 Allies left Belgium & retreated to Marne
River

16.  Allies halted German advance on Sept
1914
 Both sides created system of trenches
which they fought from
 Known as trench warfare

17. Trench Warfare
 Two parallel systems of trenches face each
other
 “No man’s land” in between
 Soldiers fight back and forth for a few yards
of land
 Fighting is devastating and inconclusive

19. Crossing “No Man’s Land”

28. Veteran’s Day StarsVeteran’s Day Stars
Rank Name
Branch of Service
Relation to you
Brig. General (Ret.) Charles L. Bishop
United States Air Force
Grandfather of Austin Bishop

29. clip

31. Some super guns
could fire up to
75 miles.

32. Effects of
Mustard Gas

33. If the gas did not cause you to cough up
your lungs it burned out your eyes.

37.  Both sides thought war
would be over in couple
of months (by Christmas
1914)
 Both sides would be dug
in for nearly FOUR
YEARS

38. America Joins War
 America :neutral at start
of war (isolationism)
 “European war”
Did not threaten our
people or property

39. Who did we support (Allies
or Central Powers)?
Support was divided
Immigrants were very
outspoken about war
because for many this was
fought in their homeland

40. Most sided with Allies
We shared common ancestry
& culture with England
Stories of German brutality
British propaganda helped to
create this image of Germany
as a “bully”

41. Our economic ties were
stronger with Allies
○We shipped millions of
dollars of war supplies to
Allies
○Caused a labor shortage
in this country

42.  America prepared for war
for two reasons
Ensure Allied repayment
of debts
Prevent Germans from
threatening US shipping

43.  We still DID NOT WANT TO
JOIN WAR but our interests
needed protection
 Incidents leading US to join the
war:
British blockade of Germany
Germany responded with
counter blockade using U-
boats

44.  Sinking of British
passenger ship (Lusitania)
of 1,198 deaths, 128 were
Americans
Caused American
public opinion to turn
against Germany

46. Zimmerman note 19 January, 1917:
The Zimmerman Note
to the German Minister to Mexico
 Berlin, January 19, 1917
 On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted.
In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United
States of America.
 If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following
basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make
peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that
Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.
The details are left to you for settlement....
 You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the
greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of
war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his
own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at
once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and
Japan.
 Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment
of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make
peace in a few months.
 Zimmerman
(Secretary of State)

48.  Election of 1916
Woodrow Wilson won
close election for 2nd
term
under slogan of “He Kept
Us Out of War”
 After election, Wilson met with
warring countries in trying to end war

49.  Wilson called for “a peace
without victory……a peace
between equals”
 Warring countries response
was
HA HA
YEA RIGHT!

50.  Germans ignored
Wilson’s call for peace &
announced that they
would now sink all ships
(neutral or hostile) off
Britain
 Violation of Sussex
Pledge

51.  This action gave Wilson no
choice but to declare war
but held out until Germany
committed an overt act
against the US
Zimmerman Note was
final act

52.  Russia’s move from
dictator to a democracy
helped to support our
entry into war
Could now claim this
was a war of
democracies vs brutal
dictatorships

53.  Wilson declared war on
Central Powers on April
2, 1917 in order to make
the world “safe for
democracy”

54. Section 2
America tips the
balance of power

55. US in the War
 The US declared war on
Germany and the Central
Powers in April of 1917
 Bolshevik Revolution caused
Russia to leave the war
 The Bolshevik revolution was a
peasant rebellion.

56. Angry Peasants

57. America at War
 American Mobilization
U.S. not prepared for
war
○Only 200,000 men in
service

58. Selective Service Act
passed in May 1917
○Required men to
register with
government in order to
be randomly selected
into military

60. Propaganda

67.  Mass production
Needed materials to fight
& to be transported to
Europe
Needed to Expand our
fleet because of U-Boats
○Took four steps to do this

68.  Exempted shipyard workers
from the Draft
 Chamber of Commerce
glorified ship building /
special privileges to workers
 Fabrication techniques
 Took over commercial &
private ships / converted
them for war

69.  Used convoy system to
get ships to & from
Europe
 New weapons never
used in war before were
machine guns, planes,
tanks, gas, etc

73. Other Hazards
 Body Lice
 Rats
 Polluted water that caused
dysentery
 Shell Shock ( emotional
collapse)
 Trench foot

74.  American Expeditionary
Force (AEF) was led by
General John J Pershing

75. Alvin York
 Conscientious objector
 Known for: “ the greatest thing
accomplished by any private
soldier of all the armies of Europe”
Killed 25 Germans and captured
132 with the help of 6 other
doughboys

76. End of the War
 Both sides were fatigued &
“shell shocked”
 American troops
(doughboys) provided
freshness & enthusiasm

77.  Fresh troops proved to be
the difference in the war
 Turning point of war was 2nd
Battle of the Marne (July-
Aug 1918)
After victory, Allies
steadily marched toward
Germany

78.  No truly decisive battle
 Germans just got worn
out
 11-3-1918  Austria-
Hungary surrendered

79.  On same day many German
soldiers mutinied against
government
 People turned against Kaiser
& established a German
Republic
 Republic signed armistice on
11-11-18

80.  WWI was bloodiest war
ever !!!!!!
 Final Statistics:
22 million dead (1/2 were
civilians)
20 million wounded

81.  Belgium 45,550
 British Empire
942,135
 France 1,368,000
 Greece 23,098
 Italy 680,000
 Japan 1,344
 Montenegro 3,000
 Germany
1,935,000
 Ottoman Empire
725,000
 Portugal 8,145
 Romania
300,000
 Russia 1,700,000
 Serbia 45,000
 United States
116,516
 Austria-Hungary
1,200,000
 Bulgaria 87,495

82. Peace
 Wilson’s plan
for world
peace was
called his 14
points

83. The points….
1-5 were issues that he felt
needed to be addressed to
prevent another war
6-13 dealt with boundary
changes
14th
point called for creation of
an international organization to
address diplomatic crisis

84. Unity?
 Big Four (US, Britain, France, Italy)
worked on treaty by themselves

85.  Central Powers
were left out of
treaty process
 Big Four wanted
a treaty that got
revenge on
Central Powers,
Wilson did not

86.  Wilson gave up on most of 14
points in return for other three
nations support for a League of
Nations
 6-28-1918 Treaty of Versailles
was signed which officially
ended the war

87. Treaty of Versailles
Created nine new nations
Barred Germany from maintaining
army
Alsace-Lorraine was returned to
France
Germany had to pay reparations up
to 33 billion dollars
War-guilt clause forcing Germany
to admit sole responsibility for war

88. Weakness of Treaty
Humiliated Germany
Reparations were too much
to pay
Took territory away from
Russia & Germany
Ignored colonies pleas for
self rule

89. League of Nations
Wilson
spent months
campaigning
Congress to
ratify entry
into League

90. Congress never ratified entry &
therefore the US never joined
Why didn’t Congress want to join?
○Felt it threatened US policy of
isolationism
○We would be bound by treaty to
Europe and forced to get involved

92. Planting the seeds for part II
 Treaty & US return to isolationists created
more anger than it did peace
 We put a patch on problems in Europe
instead of fixing them
 War created political instability & violence
that sometimes lasted decades
 New boundaries of countries upset many
ethnic groups
 This created an atmosphere that lead to
the establishment of dictatorships (Russia,
Spain, Germany, Italy)

93. Legacy of War in US
 Accelerated social changes for
African-Americans & women
 Strengthened the power of the
military & government
 Established the US as a world power

94. ?????????????
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95. The War at
Home

96.  Entire economy focused on war
effort
 Shift from consumer goods to
war supplies

97. War Industries Board
 Congress gives Pres. Wilson power
to fix prices, regulate certain war-
related industries
Use mass-production techniques to
increase efficiency
Standardize products to reduce
waste

98. Rationing
 Railroad/ fuel supplies monitored
Gasless Sundays/ lightless nights ( Daylight-
saving time)

99.  Wages : Food prices
 Stockholders in large corp.
saw $$$$$$
 Union membership boomed to
control working conditions
Nation War Labor Board
○“Work or Fight”

100. Food Admin. Under Hoover
 “Gospel of the clean
plate”
Meatless
Sweetless
Wheatless
Porkless

101. Victory Gardens
 Community
gardens started
to grow food –
would mean
more food
available for the
troops

105. Government Bonds
 Encourage public to
buy war bonds
Helped finance war

106. Committee on Public Info
 George Creel
Speeches, posters,
pamphlets in many
languages
Promoted
Patriotism= created
hatred towards
certain ethnic
groups ( hate
crimes)

107. Anti-immigrant Hysteria
 Attacks against
certain Ethnic
Groups

108.  People with German
last names lost jobs
 Mozart, Bach,
Beethoven banned
 Towns changed
names, libraries
removed books

109.  German measles: Liberty measles
 Hamburger: Salisbury steak
 Sauerkraut: liberty cabbage
 Dachshunds : liberty pups

110. Espionage and Sedition
Acts
 Up to $10,000 & 20 years in jail
for saying anything disloyal about
the government or war effort

112. African Americans
 support the war (Du Bois) but
 Don’t support a racist government
 Great Migration
Escape racial discrimination in the
South
Northern job
opportunities

113. Women in the war
 Women moved into jobs that had
been held exclusively by men
 Plus maintained traditional roles
at home

115.  1919 Congress
passed the 19th
Amendment
Order of Ratification of the 19th Amendment
KEY: Ratification on June 10, 1919 (yellow); ratification from June 16, 1919 to July 28, 1919
(chartreuse); ratification from August 2, 1919 to December 15, 1919 (aqua); ratification from
January 6, 1920 to March 22, 1920 (gray-green); ratification on August 18, 1920 (gray).