1. Microarray
technology

2. Functional genomics = The
ability to perform genome-wide
patterns of gene expression and
the mechanisms by which gene
expression is coordinated.

3. Genome = The complete
complement of an organism’s
genes; an organism’s genetic
material.

4. Genome sizes and the Numbers
of Genes.

5. DNA microarrays can be used
to detect differences in the
levels gene expression in
different populations of cells on
a genome-wide level.

6. Gene expression = A gene’s ability
to make a gene product.
Most genes code for proteins
(protein encoding genes) that
when expressed, produce a gene-
specific protein.

7. DNA Microarrays
 A small 1 square centimeter chip that’s divided into thousands
of squares.
 Each square contains many copies of a single gene.
 Originally developed by Patrick Brown at the Stanford University
School of Medicine to determine which genes are involved in
yeast cell sporulation.

8. Applications of DNA microarray
analysis.
 Genes that are involved in the development of an organism.
 Genes that are activated as a family of genes (gene expression
profiling).
 Genes that are involved in human cancers.
 Earlier diagnosis of human cancers

9. Example of a cancer subtype determined via DNA
microarray analysis.
 Two subtypes of diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
 One group of tumor cells expressed a large group of genes that
are involved in early B cell development.
 Another group of tumor cells expressed a large group of genes
that are involved in late B cell development.

10. Cancer subtypes.
 Physicians can determine which cancer subtype a patient has
and can predict patient survival chances.
 Companies are trying to develop alternative drug treatments for
cancer subtypes that are not responsive to current drugs.