Salinity Prevention

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated
Government Engineering College,
Bhavnagar.
A
Project Report
On
Salinity Prevention
Under subject of
DESIGN ENGINEERING - I
B.E. II, Semester – III
(Civil Engineering Branch)
Submitted by:
Group: 11
Sr. Name of Student Enrollment No.
1. Nitin Charel 130210106011
2. Kartik Hingol 130210106030
3. Bhavik Shah 130210106049
4. Digvijay Solanki 130210106055
Prof. D.J. Langaliya
(Faculty Guide)
Prof. V.S. Dave
Head of the Department
Academic Year
(2014-2015)

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHAVNAGAR -
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Bhavik Shah, Kartik Hingol,
Digvijay Solanki and Nitin Charel of B.E. 3rd
semester,
Civil Engineering Department, has satisfactorily
completed his Project, of subject Design Engineering-I
during academic year 2014-15 and submitted on Nov 24,
2014.
STAFF IN CHARGE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 This dissertation would not have been possible without the guidance and the help of
several individuals, who in one way or the other have contributed and extended their
valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this project.
 First and foremost, we would like to take this opportunity to thank our project guide
Prof. D.J. Langaliya and Prof. K.R. Maiyya, for their patience, guidance,
motivation, and utmost support towards completion of the project.
 He has guided us towards obtaining the solution consistently so that we are able to
complete our project on time with the tight schedule. He is a tremendously good guide,
who exhibits his extensive cares, experiences, disciplines and guidance towards his
project students.
 We would also like to thank other faculty members, classmates, friends who have
contributed in our project and also for their moral support and encouragement.
 Last but not least, we would like to show our deepest thankfulness to our family and
loved ones, who have shown us their concern and full support.
Bhavik Shah .
Kartik Hingol .
Digvijay Solanki;
Nitin Charel .

ABSTRACT
Fresh water is the basic requirement of all living beings on this planet. We cannot think our
life without fresh water and it is available only 1% of the total water on the earth. We all
know how badly it is been utilized and how it is wasted. Also there is also the increasing
amount of salinity in the fresh water because of sea water intrusion and other factors.
Due to sea water intrusion, the saline water is mixing with fresh water and the quality of the
fresh available water is decreasing day by day.
So we need to study the causes, effects and prevention techniques of Salinity for the
betterment of water and ours too. Also the government of India as well as Gujarat has taken
up a lot projects for the prevention in the coastal regions for the same.

OBJECTIVES
 To understand the process ofSea water intrusion.
 Study the causes of Sea water intrusion.
 Study the effect of salinity on coastal areas.
 Study the effect of salinity on Human health.
 To reduce the merging of sea water in to ground water.
 To know about the ongoing government projects to do the same.

TABLE OF CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SEA WATER INTRUSION
3. CAUSES Of SALINITY
4. EFFECTS OF SEA WATER INTRUSION
5. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
6. GOVERNMENT PROJECTS
7. CONCLUSION

First of all we need to know what salinity is.
Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved salt content of a body of water or in soil. Salinity is
discovered in two physical factors of our earth. They are:-
1. Soil
2. Water
Our interest of study is the salinity in water near the coastal areas in Gujarat and their effect
on fresh water reservoirs and health of humans.
India has a dynamic coast line of about 7500 km length, including the main land coast line
of about 5400 km. Nearly 25 percent of the total population of India resides in the coastal
tracts of the country. A number of important towns and cities, viz., Mumbai, Goa, Cochin,
Chennai, Visakhapatnam & Kolkata are located along the coast.
The State of Gujarat has the longest coastline of 1600 km, which is about one third of the
total coastline of India. Of this, Saurashtra and Kachchh districts have an 1125 km coastal
belt from Bhavnagar to Lakhpat. Due to heavy withdrawal of groundwater and very meagre
recharge sources (only rainfall), ingress of sea water has converted the available
groundwater resources into a saline belt, rendering cultivable land useless and the water in
the wells saline and unsuitable for irrigation and drinking purposes. The phenomenon of
salinity ingress has affected 779 villages as of 1976, covering a population of 13.30 lakh
and an area of 10.65 lakh hectares. The Government of Gujarat (Government) appointed
(1976 and 1978) High Level Committees (HLC) to suggest measures for prevention of
ingress of salinity and measures to remedy damages that had already occurred. The HLCs
had recommended commissioning of a yearly study to monitor the areas that had been
affected by salinity ingress. The last such yearly exercise was carried out in 2007-084 and
as per the report following this exercise, there had been an overall increase of 15 per cent in
salinity ingress area, involving an additional affected area of 88,947 hectares when
compared with the base data for the period 1977 to 1984.
Thus from above, the main reason for Salinity is Sea water Intrusion. So let’s study the sea
water intrusion.

Sea Water Intrusion
Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into freshwater aquifers, which can
lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences. Saltwater intrusion
occurs naturally to some degree in most coastal aquifers, owing to the hydraulic connection
between groundwater and seawater. Because saltwater has a higher mineral content than
freshwater, it is denser and has a higher water pressure. As a result, saltwater can push inland
beneath the freshwater. Certain human activities, especially groundwater pumping from
coastal freshwater wells, have increased saltwater intrusion in many coastal areas. Water
extraction drops the level of fresh groundwater, reducing its water pressure and allowing
saltwater to flow further inland. Other contributors to saltwater intrusion include navigation
channels or agricultural and drainage channels, which provide conduits for saltwater to
move inland, and sea level rise. Saltwater intrusion can also be worsened by extreme events
like hurricane storm surges.
Hydrology:-
At the coastal margin, fresh groundwater flowing from inland areas meets with saline groundwater
from the ocean. The fresh groundwater flows from inland areas towards the coast where elevation
and groundwater levels are lower. Because saltwater has a higher content of dissolved salts and
minerals, it is denser than freshwater, causing it to have higher hydraulic head than freshwater.
Hydraulic head refers to the liquid pressure exerted by a water column: a water column with higher
hydraulic head will move into a water column with lower hydraulic head, if the columns are
connected.
The higher pressure and density of saltwater causes it to move into coastalaquifers in a wedge shape
under the freshwater. The saltwater and freshwater meet in a transition zone where mixing occurs
through dispersion and diffusion. Ordinarily the inland extent of the saltwater wedge is limited
because freshgroundwater levels, or the height of the freshwatercolumn, increasesasland elevation
gets higher.
Causes of Sea water intrusion:-
The main causes of sea water intrusion are:-
Natural Occurance of Seawater Intrusion

1. Ground Water Extraction
2. Canals and Drainage networks
Ground WaterExtraction:-
Groundwater is the portion of the Earth's water cycle that flows underground. Groundwater
originates from precipitation that percolates into the ground. Percolation is the flow of water
through soil and porous/fractured rock. The water table separates the saturated, or aquifer
zone, from the unsaturated, or vadose zone, where the water does not fill all the voids or
spaces in the soil or rock (Fig. 1). The general trend is for water in the unsaturated zone to
move downward until it reaches the water table. On the other hand, water in the saturated
zone moves primarily along horizontal hydraulic gradients, from higher to lower elevations.
The ocean is the natural sink for groundwater flows.
Groundwater extraction is the primary cause of saltwater intrusion. Groundwater is the main
source of drinking water in many coastal areas of the United States, and extraction has
increased over time. Under baseline conditions, the inland extent of saltwater is limited by
higher pressure exerted by the freshwater column, owing to its higher elevation.
Groundwater extraction can lower the level of the freshwater table, reducing the pressure
exerted by the freshwater column and allowing the denser saltwater to move inland
laterally. In Cape May, New Jersey, since the 1940s water withdrawals have lowered
groundwater levels by up to 30 meters, reducing the water table to below sea level and
causing widespread intrusion and contamination of water supply wells.

Groundwater extraction can also lead to well contamination by causing upwelling, or
upcoming, of saltwater from the depths of the aquifer. Under baseline conditions, a saltwater
wedge extends inland, underneath the freshwater because of its higher density. Water supply
wells located over or near the saltwater wedge can draw the saltwater upward, creating a
saltwater cone that might reach and contaminate the well. Some aquifers are predisposed
towards this type of intrusion, such as the Lower Floridan aquifer: though a
relatively impermeable rock or clay layer separates fresh groundwater from saltwater,
isolated cracks breach the confining layer, promoting upward movement of saltwater.
Pumping of groundwater strengthens this effect by lowering the water table, reducing the
downward push of freshwater.
Canals and Drainage networks:-
The construction of canals and drainage networks can lead to saltwater intrusion. Canals provide
conduits for saltwater to be carried inland, as does the deepening of
existing channels for navigation purposes. In Sabine Lake Estuary in the Gulf of Mexico, large-scale
waterways have allowed saltwater to move into the lake, and upstream into the rivers feeding the
lake. Additionally, channel dredging in the surrounding wetlands to facilitate oil and gas drilling has
caused land subsidence, further promoting inland saltwater movement.
Drainage networks constructed to drain flat coastal areas can lead to intrusion by lowering the
freshwater table, reducing the water pressure exerted by the freshwater column. Saltwater intrusion
in southeast Florida has occurred largely as a result of drainage canals built between 1903 into the

1980s to drain the Everglades for agricultural and urban development. The main cause of intrusion
was the lowering of the water table, though the canals also conveyed seawater inland until the
construction of water control gates.
These are the basic reason for sea water intrusion which leads to salinity in ground water.
There are also some other reasons like:-
 Higher seawater density than freshwater.
Higher seawater density than freshwater:-
f = freshwater density = 1.0g/cm3
s = saltwater density = 1.025g/cm3
The law of nature is that object with higher density flows toward the object with lower
density. Thus the sea water which has higher density (can reach up to 1050 Kg / m3) than
the fresh water (1000 Kg / m3) will flow towards the fresh water area when the water from
there is removed because of extraction.
And others are
 Mismanagement of ground water due to over-irrigation and water loss
through high run-off.
 Inefficient use and wastage of water by farmers.
 Cultivation of high water intensive crops like sugarcane, banana etc.
resulting in lowered water table and ingress of saline water into
groundwater.
 Over-exploitation of ground water to meet needs of growing population.
 Breaking up of joint family system resulting in fragmentation of land,
leading to rampant increase in no. of wells and extensive use of diesel and
electrical pumps.
 High run off due to improper or inadequate water harvesting.
 Recurrent droughts.

Ghyben-Herzberg Relation:-
The first physical formulations of saltwater intrusion were made by W. Badon-Ghijben
(1888, 1889) and A. Herzberg (1901), thus called the Ghyben-Herzberg relation. They
derived analytical solutions to approximate the intrusion behavior, which are based on a
number of assumptions that do not hold in all field cases.
The figure shows the Ghyben-Herzberg relation. In the equation,
The thickness of the freshwater zone above sea level is represented as and that below sea
level is represented as . The two thicknesses and , are related by and where is
the density of freshwater and is the density of saltwater. Freshwater has a density of about
1.000 grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) at 20 °C, whereas that of seawater is about 1.025
g/cm3. The equation can be simplified to
.
The Ghyben-Herzberg ratio states, for every foot of fresh water in an unconfined aquifer
above sea level, there will be forty feet of fresh water in the aquifer below sea level.
In the 20th century the higher computing power allowed the use of numerical methods
(usually finite differences or finite elements) that need fewer assumptions and can be applied
more generally.

Effects of Salinity:-
Agricultural production
Water moves into plant roots by a process known as osmosis, which is controlled by the
level of salts in the soil water and in the water contained in the plant. If the level of salts in
the soil water is too high, water may flow from the plant roots back into the soil. This results
in dehydration of the plant, causing yield decline or even death of the plant. Crop yield
losses may occur even though the effects of salinity may not be obvious. The salt tolerance
of a specific crop depends on its ability to extract water from salinized soils. Salinity affects
production in crops, pastures and trees by interfering with nitrogen uptake, reducing growth
and stopping plant reproduction. Some ions (particularly chloride) are toxic to plants and as
the concentration of these ions increases, the plant is poisoned and dies.
Water quality
The most significant off-site impact of dry land salinity is the salinization of previously
fresh rivers. This affects the quality of water for drinking and irrigation—with serious
economic, social and environmental consequences for both rural and urban communities.
High levels of salts may affect the taste of drinking water. Chloride in particular has a low
taste threshold. Sodium and magnesium sulphate levels in drinking water may produce a
laxative effect and reduce the suitability of a water supply for grazing animals.
Ecological health of streams
Salt interacts with in-stream biota (animals and plants), changing the ecological health of
streams and estuaries. The greatest threat to biodiversity is from the loss of habitat—both
on land and in water. Riparian zones are particularly at risk as they occupy the lowest parts
of the landscape where much of the saline groundwater is released to the surface. Salts also
help fine materials (such as suspended clay particles) to flocculate, allowing more sunlight
to penetrate rivers. This may lead to more harmful algal blooms if there are suitable
environmental conditions.
Infrastructure and fixtures
Impacts include large decreases in the lifespan of road pavements when groundwater levels
rise to within 2 metres of the pavement surface. As in other situations, capillary action will
assist to draw the salt-laden water to the surface. Salt also corrodes and destroys the
properties of bitumen, concrete and brick structures. Damage to infrastructure including
houses, roads and playing fields, has been particularly high in a number of cities and towns.
Salinity damage has also occurred to country roads and farm tracks and buildings.

Irrigation
All irrigation water contains some salts, which may remain on the soil surface or on leaves
of plants after evaporation. Therefore, any irrigation system has the potential to deliver an
increased amount of salt to the soil.
Impact of salinity on health Inhabitants of coastal areas often have poor health, mainly due
to lack of potable drinking water in the coastal district of Amreli, Jamnagar and Kachchh.
Non-availability of potable water forced people to drink saline water which can cause water-
borne and other diseases like kidney stones, gastric problems etc. A baseline study carried
out (2007-08) in 1165 villages by CSPC indicated that 890, 753 and 337 villages reported
high number of cases of kidney stones, gastric problems and fluorosis respectively as shown
in Table.
Table: Villages affected by various diseases at various distances from sea coast
Diseases type Total No. of
villages facing
health problems
Distance of affected villages from sea
coast facing health
Kidney
Stones
890 347 236 307
Fluorosis 337 151 87 99
Gastric
Problems
753 269 207 277
< 5 km 5 to 10 km > 10 km

Preventive Measures:-
Salinity Control Techniques:-
(1) Tidal Regulators and Bandharas at river
(2) Fresh Water barriers
(3) Extraction barriers
(4) Static barriers
Tidal Regulators and Bandharas at river:-
Tidal Regulators are used to stop the ingress of sea water. The top portion of the gates were
to be kept above the maximum tide level to prevent entry of tide water into the land and the
gates were to be opened during floods to allow the discharge of excessive flood water to
prevent submergence of the land areas in the upstream.
Bandharas are also used to stop the ingress of sea water. In this method a bandh / blockage
is made across a river to stop its flow to merge in the sea. Therefore the water remains pure
without the salts. A canal or pipe is used to utilize the pure water for agriculture, drinking,
industries and other human activities.

Physical Barriers.
Subsurface physical barriers such as sheet pile, cut-off walls, clay slurry trenches under
earth dams, and impermeable clay walls are routinely used by engineers in the field to
control the movement of water and other liquids including the containment of hazardous
waste materials. It is also possible to inject materials that form a zone of low permeability.
Figure 6-10 illustrates a cross-section of a typical physical barrier.
Barriers require complete depth of cut-off to be effective.
Extraction Barriers.
Extraction barriers have been used in various locations in order to prevent or reduce
saltwater intrusion. Extraction barriers may withdraw some freshwater that would otherwise
be useful and thus may not be a valuable option where water supplies are scarce. In addition,
problems with saltwater corrosion must be overcome. However, a major problem with the
extraction barriers are that withdrawal of saltwater and the inadvertent withdrawal of some
freshwater cause the water levels to fall substantially throughout the basin. The increased
lift and the cost of wells going dry often become costly in time. Furthermore, although a
complete cut-off extraction barrier does not have to be completed all along the coast,
saltwater intrusion can around the barrier. The lower levels also encourage saline water
from above or below to move vertically into the aquifer. However, vertical leakage may
occur from above or below.

Freshwater Injection Barriers.
Figure 6-12 illustrates a typical injection barrier in operation to control the saltwater
intrusion for cases where the sea level is in excess of freshwater levels. In contrast to the
extraction barrier, with an injection barrier, freshwater is injected into, the aquifer through
a line of wells along the coastline. The higher groundwater levels along the injection barrier
prevent saltwater intrusion from occurring. A proper design of well spacing and location
must be performed to ensure that saltwater does not intrude around the injection barrier, in
between individual wells, or move vertically from above or below. The problems with
injection wells include the fact that a relatively large number of wells is required, a high
maintenance cost will be necessary to prevent plugging of wells, and most important, a
source of freshwater will be needed.

Recharge Techniques:-
(1) Check dam
(2) Recharge Wells
(3) Spreading Channel
Check dam:-
Check dam is a structures across the gully / waterway with packed stones or stone masonry
structure. This is constructed in the middle reaches of the gully or stream. The upstream
stored water is useful for recharge as well as supplemental / life-saving irrigation.
A check dam placed in the ditch, swale, or channel interrupts the flow of water and flattens
the gradient of the channel, thereby reducing the velocity. In turn, this obstruction
induces infiltration rather than eroding the channel. They can be used not only to slow flow
velocity but also to distribute flows across a swale to avoid preferential paths and guide
flows toward vegetation. Although some sedimentation may result behind the dam, check
dams do not primarily function as sediment trapping devices.
The water stored in the check dam is injected into the ground water so that the fresh water
increases and the sea water is pushed back.

Recharge Well:-
Recharge wells can be of two types - (a) Injection well, where water is “pumped in” for
recharge and (b) Recharge well, where water flows under gravity.
The Injection wells are similar to a tube well. This technique is suitable for augmenting
the ground water storage of deeper aquifers by “pumping in” treated surface water. These
wells can be used as pumping wells during summers. The method is suitable to recharge
single aquifer or multiple aquifers. The recharge through this technique is comparatively
costlier and required specialized technique of tube well construction and maintenance to
protect well from clogging. It is better if an abandoned tube well is used as a recharge well
which will be a cost-effective structure.
The recharge well for shallow water table aquifers up to 50 m are cost effective
because recharge can take place under gravity flow only. These wells could be of two types,
one is dry and another is wet. The dry types of wells have bottom of screen above the water
table. In such wells excessive clogging is reported due to release of dissolved gasses as water
leaves the well and on other hand redevelopment methods have not been found effective in
dry type of wells. The wet type of wells are the wells in which screen is kept below water
table. These wet type wells have been found more successful.
INDUCED RECHARGE
It is an indirect method of artificial recharge involving pumping from aquifer
hydraulically connected with surface water such as perennial streams, unlined canal or lakes.
The heavy pumping lowers the ground water level and cone of depression is created.
Lowering of water levels induces the surface water to replenish the ground water. This
method is effective where steam bed is connected to aquifer by sandy formation.

GOVERNMENT PROJECTS
Spreading Channels:-
Scrutiny of works pertaining to Spreading Channels revealed the following:
(a) Out of 526 km of SCs recommended by HLCs, only 100 km had been completed (March
2010). Due to the absence of links between reservoirs through the construction of SCs, sea
water continued to intrude into surrounding areas of completed structures i.e. Bandharas and
Tidal Regulators. Therefore, the aim of reducing salinity ingression could not be fully
achieved in these areas. Out of the four reaches, in the Bhavnagar-Una Reach and the Malia-
Lakhpat Reach, as against recommendations for construction of 60 km and 166 km of SCs
respectively, there was no construction as of March 2010. In the Una-Madhavpur Reach,
the entire recommended length of 60 km of SC had been constructed. The Secretary stated
(May 2010) that due to shortage of funds and non-availability of sufficient technical
manpower, the work of the SCs could not be taken up simultaneously. The reply is not
acceptable as there were savings of ` 112.34 crore during 2005-10. On this being pointed
out during the exit conference (July 2010), the Secretary stated that SC works would be
taken up and completed expeditiously.
Measures taken by Government for salinity ingress:-
Looking to the gravity of salinity and its devastating effects, Government had formed a High
level Committee- 1 in 1976 under the then chairmanship of the Chief Secretary Shri
H.K.L.Kapoor for Una-Madhavpur area and a High Level Committee-2 in 1978 under the
Chairmanship of the then Chief Secretary Shri K.Shivraj for Una-Bhavnagar and

Madhavpur-Maliya area for study of issue of salinity and for its solution.
After visit of the affected areas, these Committees had suggested the following measures of
various salinity Ingress under four scientific systems:-
Sr.No. Various Works of Salinity Ingress Under Scientific System
1 Management System
Regulation of lifting underground water and change
in crop – System
Change in crop System
2 Recharge System Check-Dam
Recharge-Dam
Recharge-Well
Recharge Reservoir Spreading Channel
3
Salinity Ingress
System
Tidal Regulators, Weirs
Fresh Water Barrier
Extraction Water Barrier
Static Barrier
4
Coastal Land
Reclamation
Rejuvenation of salinity land of oceanic areas
Works undertaken as per the recommendations made by High Level Committee 1
and 2 and Details of Progress thereof.
The High Level Committee 1 suggested various works of Salinity Ingress Prevention
works of Rs.64 crore (Revised Cost of Rs. 100.24 Crore) in Una-Madhavpur area whereas
the High Level Committee 2 suggested works of salinity Ingress Prevention works of Rs.
168.70 Crore (Revised Cost of Rs. 802.54 Crore)
And of Rs. 370.42 crore (Revised Cost of Rs. 1427.30 Crore) respectively in the areas of
Una-Bhavnagar and Madhavpur-Maliya out of the aforesaid works suggested by both the
Committees. Works of construction of 13 Tidal Regulators, 29 Bandhara, 15 Recharge
Reservoirs, 661 Check Dams, and 28 Recharge Tanks, 4487 nala Plugs and afforestation in
5867 hectors of land have been completed.
 Spreading Channels:-
 Total Length 360 kms.
 Undertaken 331 kms.
 Completed 141 kms.

 Under Progress 105 kms.
 Under sanction/Research 85 kms.
Upon completion of this ambitious extension canal project. The empty reservoir/ponds of
one basin having less rainfall can be filled with the river water. Moreover benefit of recharge
is also made available. In addition, upon completion of this extension canal works, 33700
hector area will be benefited directly and indirectly. As the works have been completed in
141 km. length area, a total of 19569 hector area has been directly and indirectly benefited.
Out of the aforesaid Salinity Ingress prevention projects, at present works of 33 projects out
of the projects worth Rs. 107.70 crore are under progress in the 6 districts of coastal regions
of Saurastra.
Planning of remaining projects of salinity ingress and financial assistance from outer
resources
As mentioned above, most of the works as suggested by the High Level Committee-1 have
been completed in the areas suggested by the Committee and benefits have been accrued. It
is essential to complete the remaining works of Salinity Ingress Prevention in limit as
suggested by the committee to eradicate this issue completely. As the works suggested in
the areas of Committee-2 are going on as per the current financial availability, financial
assistance has been provided by the 12th finance commission, 13th Finance commission and
NABARD to avail the benefits estimated for these works.
 Looking to the gravity of Salinity Ingress, the Central Government has allocated assistance
of Rs. 75.10 Crore in the 13th Finance commission under the State Special Need for the
works of Salinity Ingress Prevention Works in same. In this connection at present as per
revised proposals 33 Salinity Ingress Prevention projects of advance stage such as 1 Tidal
Regulators, 6 Bandhara, 2 Recharge Reservoirs, 11 Recharge Tank, 5- Spreading Channel,
5- Redial canal etc. have been included in the programme at the cost of Rs. 80.57 Crore, out
of which 12 projects have been completed whereas 15 are going on Upon completion of
these 33 projects, quota of 11.77 million cubic meters of fresh waters will be stored, by
which, 17811 hector land will get direct and indirect benefit. It is planned to complete the
aforesaid scheme by March, 2015.

 Proposal forwarded for financial assistance under NABARD
 NABARD has sanctioned a loan of Rs. 204.03 crore under RIDF-12 by accepting the
proposal of 36 Salinity Ingress Projects to the tune of Rs. 227 crore to be taken up on priority
basis, out of the various Salinity Ingress Projects. This proposal includes 5 Tidal Regulators,
8 Weirs, 9 Recharge Reservoirs and 14 extension / radial canal works. Out of these, 27
projects have been dropped and 2 projects have been proposed to be included under the 12th
Finance Commission. At present 7 projects have been included under the NABARD at a
cost of Rs. 37.25 Crore. Upon completion of all these projects, water quota to the tune of

22.41 million cubic meters will be stored and 7637 hector land will be directly and indirectly
benefited. The aforesaid projects are completed by March 2014.
Benefits accrued by the salinity ingress projects
 The works of Salinity Ingress have been undertaken under the recharge and Salinity Ingress
System which aim at recharging the fresh water, increase the quality of underground water
and prevent salinity of surface water and underground water due to spreading of tidal water.
The advancement of saline tidal water has been prevented due to the tidal regulators and
weirs which have been completed. Moreover the damage occurring to the fertile agricultural
land has also been stopped and the underground water being affected by Salinity earlier has
also been prevented due to this. Moreover, the following benefits have accrued upon
completion of aforesaid works of Salinity Ingress :-
 74512 hector lands have directly to indirectly have been benefited for irrigation upon
storage of 318.04 million cubic meters of fresh water.
 Quality of underground water has increased and an average rise of 2.50 metres has been
observed in the underground water surface.
 Looking to the advancement rate of Salinity line of 0.50 to 1.00 k.m. per annum, further
2.26 lakh hectors of land have been prevented from the onslaught of salinity on the basis of
completion of these works.
 2000 line of T.D.S. has been shifted towards the coastal region from non-coastal regions
as per the situation observed in 1988.
 Due to increase in crop yields, the cost of the agriculture land has also increased.
 Due to increase in the socio – economical condition (of people of this area), overall
prosperity of this region has also been increased.
KACHCHH
The Coastal strip between Malia & Lakhpat covers a linear distance of about 360 kms. All
along the coast, there is a grave situation of Salinity in ground water.
Total geographical area investigated from Malia to Lakhpat is 3712 sq.km. Comprising of
245 villages of 7 talukas in Kachchh District. Out of these 245 villages, almost all are
affected by salinity.
The High Level Committee visited the Malia-Lakhpat reach. The following measures are
suggested for providing an effective solution to the problem.
1 Management Techniques :
(i) Change in Cropping pattern,
(ii) Regulation of ground water extraction
2 : Recharge Techniques :

(i) Checkdams,
(ii) Recharge Tanks,
(iii) Recharge Wells,
(iv) Spreading Channels,
(v) Afforestation,
(vi) Gully / Nalla Plugs
3 : Salinity Control Techniques :
(i) Tidal Regulator,
(ii) Bandharas,
(iii) Protection from Salt pans,
(iv) Coastal Bunds.
4 : Coastal Land Reclamation :
(i) Reclamation of Coastal Saline by leaching.
The High Level Committee-II suggested 15 No. of Tidal Regulator, 40 No. of Bandhara,
740 No. of Checkdams, 25 Recharge Tank, 150 No. of Recharge Well, 166 km. Spreading
& Connecting Channels, 2000 No. of Nalla Plug, 10000 hect. Of Reclamation of Coastal
Land of an estimated amount of Rs. 186 Crores.
No. of Tidal Regulator, 3 No. of Bandhara and 110 No. of Checkdams completed prior to
2005 while 47 No. of Bandhara, 130 No. of Checkdams completed after 2005. 500 No. of
Checkdams, 25 Recharge Tanks, 150 Recharge Wells and 130 km. Spreading & Connecting
Channels are under progress and planning.
The Govt. of Gujarat, Narmada, Water Resources, Water Supply & Kalpsar Deptt.,
Sachivalaya, and Gandhinagar vide his letter No. TFC/ 2010/ 670(4)/ K-7, M I Cell, Dt.
28/12/2011 had approved action plan for 13th Finance Commission in which Salinity
Ingress Prevention works taken.
The details of works are as under :-
Sr.
No.
Estimated cost (Rs. in Lacs.)
(i) 500 No. of Checkdams 4000
(ii) 25 No. of Recharge Tank 1000
(iii) 150 No. of Recharge Well 1500
(iv) 20 No. of Coastal Bund 1000
Total : 7500

The probable cost of the revised action plan will be limited to Rs. 7500 lacs same as per the
original planning of Rs. 7500 lacs.
Conclusion:-
Thus from the above study we can understand the effect of the salinity and how worse
it can be for all. It should be taken seriously and the government has taken it seriously in
many extend and done many projects for the betterment. The completion of the projects in
the slower side and there are failures in some of the projects too. Still the government is
doing a lot and some of its projects are successful in reducing the Salinity ingress.

Reference:-
1. www.cspc.org.in/
2. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion
3. Images from
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=seawater+intrusion&es_sm=93&bi
w=1242&bih=606&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=7d52V
NrDNIme8QW5m4KACQ&sqi=2&ved=0CCcQsAQ
4. www.wrd.org/engineering/seawater-intrusion-los-angeles.php
5. http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/class5/upload/2007_12_12_
uic_class5_study_uic-class5_classvstudy_volume20-
salineintrusionbarrier.pdf
6. http://guj-
nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1470&lang=english
7. http://iced.cag.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/3.-PA-of-Salinity-
Ingress-Prev.-Prog.-Gujarat.pdf

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