The document summarizes key concepts about the chemical basis of life. It discusses that (1) body functions depend on cellular functions which result from chemical changes, (2) matter is composed of elements which combine to form molecules and compounds, (3) organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids along with inorganic substances like water and salts are the basic chemical constituents of cells.

1. Edited by Brenda Holmes MSN/Ed, RN BIOL 2064 - 91 Anatomy & Physiology 1 Chapter 2 South Arkansas Community College

2. Chapter 2 Chemical Basis of Life Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. 2.1: Introduction Why study chemistry in an Anatomy and Physiology class? - Body functions depend on cellular functions - Cellular functions result from chemical changes - Biochemistry helps to explain physiological processes

5. Table 2.1 Some Particles of Matter

12. 2.1 From Science to Technology Radioactive Isotopes Reveal Physiology

13. 2.2 From Science to Technology Ionizing Radiation: From the Cold War to Yucca Mountain

21. Chemical Reactions Chemical reactions occur when chemical bonds form or break among atoms, ions, or molecules Reactants are the starting materials of the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules Products are substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction NaCl ’ Na + + Cl - Reactant Products

22. Types of Chemical Reactions Synthesis Reaction – more complex chemical structure is formed A + B ’ AB Decomposition Reaction – chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure AB ’ A + B Exchange Reaction – chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed AB + CD ’ AD + CB Reversible Reaction – the products can change back to the reactants A + B  AB

23. Acids, Bases, and Salts Electrolytes – substances that release ions in water Acids – electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water HCl  H + + Cl - Bases – substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions NaOH  Na + + OH - Salts – electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base NaCl  Na + + Cl - HCl + NaOH  H 2 O + NaCl

24. Acid and Base Concentration pH scale - indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution Neutral – pH 7; indicates equal concentrations of H + and OH - Acidic – pH less than 7; indicates a greater concentration of H + Basic or alkaline – pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH - OH – concentration increases H + concentration increases Acidic H + Relative Amounts of H + (red) and OH – (blue) Basic OH – 2.0 gastric juice 6.0 corn 7.0 Distilled water 8.0 Egg white 10.5 milk of magnesia 11.5 Household ammonia pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 Basic (alkaline) Neutral Acidic 3.0 apple juice 4.2 tomato juice 5.3 cabbage 6.6 cow’s milk 7.4 Human blood 8.4 Sodium biocarbonate Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

29. Organic Substances Carbohydrates (a) Some glucose molecules (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) have a straight chain of carbon atoms. C C C C C C H O H O O O H H O H H H H H O H H H H C H O O H H O H O H H H H C O H C C C O C H (b) More commonly, glucose molecules form a ring structure. O (c) This shape symbolizes the ring structure of a glucose molecule. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30. Organic Substances Carbohydrates O (a) Monosaccharide O O O (b) Disaccharide O O O (c) Polysaccharide Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

35. Organic Substances Proteins Four Levels of Protein Structure Pleated structure Coiled structure Amino acids N N N N N H H H H H C C C C O O O C C C C C C O C O N N H H C O C C O C H N N H O O C C C C N N N N H H H O C C C O O C C C H O C C C N C N H O C C H O C C N N N N H H H O C O O C C C H O C H R H R H R H R H R H R H R H R H R H H R H H R H R H R H H R R H H R R C H C H (b) Secondary structure—The polypeptide chain of a protein molecule is often either pleated or twisted to form a coil. Dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds. R groups (see fig. 2.17) are indicated in bold. (a) Primary structure—Each oblong shape in this polypeptide chain represents an amino acid molecule. The whole chain represents a portion of a protein molecule. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Three-dimensional folding H H (c) Tertiary structure— The pleated and coiled polypeptide chain of a protein molecule folds into a unique three- dimensional structure. (d) Quaternary structure—Two or more polypeptide chains may be connected to form a single protein molecule.

37. Organic Substances Nucleic Acids S P S P S P S P S P S P B B B B B B S S S S S S P P P P P P B B B B B B (b) S P S P S P S P S P S P B B B B B B (a) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

38. 2.3 From Science to Technology CT Scanning and PET Imaging

41. Quiz 2 Complete Quiz 2 now! Read Chapter 3.