This document provides an overview of the nervous system including its basic structure and function. It discusses the key cell types in neural tissue including neurons and neuroglial cells. It describes the divisions of the nervous system into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. It also summarizes the general functions of the nervous system including sensory, integrative, and motor functions. Finally, it covers topics such as action potentials, synaptic transmission, and the roles of neurotransmitters.

1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 10 Lecture PowerPoint To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View . Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note : Once you have used any of the animation functions (such as Play or Pause), you must first click in the white background before you can advance to the next slide.

2. BIOL 2064: Anatomy & Physiology 1 Chapter 10 Edited by Brenda Holmes MSN/Ed, RN Associate Professor South Arkansas Community College

3. Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 10 Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7. Divisions Nervous System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sensory division Sensory receptors Motor division Skeletal muscle Brain (a) (b) Spinal cord Spinal nerves Cranial nerves Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) Peripheral Nervous System (cranial and spinal nerves) Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Glands Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System

8. 10.1 Clinical Application Migraine

12. Neuron Structure Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cell body Neurofibrils Nucleus Nucleolus Dendrites Impulse Nodes of Ranvier Myelin (cut) Axon Axon Chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies) Axonal hillock Portion of a collateral Schwann cell Nucleus of Schwann cell Synaptic knob of axon terminal

14. 10.2 Clinical Application Multiple Sclerosis

20. Types of Neuroglial Cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Microglial cell Axon Oligodendrocyte Astrocyte Capillary Neuron Myelin sheath (cut) Node of Ranvier Ependymal cell Fluid-filled cavity of the brain or spinal cord

21. Regeneration of A Nerve Axon Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axon Site of injury Schwann cells (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Changes over time Motor neuron cell body Former connection reestablished Schwann cells proliferate Schwann cells degenerate Proximal end of injured axon regenerates into tube of sheath cells Distal portion of axon degenerates Skeletal muscle fiber 20

24. Animation: Chemical Synapse Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

30. Local Potential Changes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. – 62 mV Na + Na + Neurotransmitter (a) – 55 mV Na + Na + Na + Na + Na + Trigger zone (b) Chemically-gated Na + channel Presynaptic neuron Voltage-gated Na + channel

32. Action Potentials Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Milliseconds 1 0 0 +20 +40 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Membrane potential (millivolts) Action potential Hyperpolarization – 40 – 20 – 60 – 80 Resting potential Resting potential reestablished

33. Action Potentials Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Direction of nerve impulse + + + + + – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (b) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + (c) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Region of action potential

34. Animation: Action Potential Propagation in Myelinated Neurons Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

35. Animation: Action Potential Propagation in Unmyelinated Neurons Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

38. Impulse Conduction

39. Animation: The Nerve Impulse Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

40. 10.3 Clinical Application Factors Affecting Impulse Conduction

44. Neurotransmitters

45. Neurotransmitters

47. 10.4 Clinical Application Opiates in the Human Body

55. Quiz 10 Complete Quiz 10 now! Read Chapter 11.