1. Brenda Holmes MSN/Ed, RN Associate Professor Biology South Arkansas Community College Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

2. Chapter 19 Respiratory System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

6. Frontal sinus Nostril Hard palate Uvula Epiglottis Hyoid bone Larynx Superior Middle Inferior Sphenoidal sinus Pharyngeal tonsil Nasopharynx Palatine tonsil Oropharynx Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Esophagus Tongue Trachea Nasal conchae Opening of auditory tube Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Mucus Particle Goblet cell Cilia Nasal cavity Epithelial cell (b) (a) b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

9. The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on the Respiratory System

13. Hyaline cartilage Ciliated epithelium Smooth muscle Lumen of trachea Connective tissue Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Connective tissue Hyaline cartilage Ciliated epithelium Lumen of trachea Smooth muscle © Ed Reschke Thyroid gland Incision Trachea Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Jugular notch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Intralobular bronchiole Blood flow Alveolus Smooth muscle Alveoli Blood flow Blood flow Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Pulmonary arteriole Pulmonary venule Capillary network on surface of alveolus Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Capillary Alveolus Simple squamous epithelial cells © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Bob Coyle

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Blood vessel Capillary Alveolus Tissues and Organs: A Text-Atlas of Scanning Electron Microscopy, by R.G. Kessel and R.H. Kardon. © 1979 W.H. Freeman and Company Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Courtesy of the American Lung Association Bronchiole Alveolus

21. Lung Irritants

25. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) External intercostal muscles pull ribs up and out Diaphragm contracts Sternum moves Up and out Sternocleidomastoid elevates sternum Pectoralis minor elevates ribs Diaphragm contracts more

28. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Diaphragm Diaphragm (a) (b) Abdominal organs recoil and press diaphragm upward Posterior internal intercostal muscles pull ribs down and inward Abdominal organs force diaphragm higher Abdominal wall muscles contract and compress abdominal organs Expiration

35. Respiratory Disorders That Decrease Ventilation: Bronchial Asthma and Emphysema

38. Respiratory muscles Forceful breathing Nerve impulses Nerve impulses Pontine respiratory group Ventral respiratory group Dorsal respiratory group Medullary respiratory center Respiratory areas Basic rhythm of breathing Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

42. Exercise and Breathing

44. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Courtesy of the American Lung Association

45. Capillary lumen Alveolus Macrophage Capillary Alveolus Red blood cell Diffusion of CO 2 Diffusion of O 2 Capillary endothelium Interstitial space Alveolar epithelium Type I (squamous epithelial) cell of alveolar wall Type II (surfactant-secreting) cell Fluid with surfactant Respiratory membrane Cell of capillary wall Alveolar fluid (with surfactant) Basement membrane of alveolar epithelium Basement membrane of capillary endothelium Respiratory membrane Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

47. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. AS AS BM IS RBC EP © Imagingbody.com

48. Alveolus Diffusion of CO 2 Diffusion of O 2 Capillary Alveolar wall Blood flow (from body tissues) Blood flow (to body tissues) P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg P O 2 = 40 mm Hg P O 2 = 104 mm Hg P O 2 = 104 mm Hg P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg

50. Effects of High Altitude

51. Disorders That Impair Gas Exchange: Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, and Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

54. Alveolus Capillary 2 2 2 (a) (b) Blood flow (from body tissues) Alveolar wall Oxygen molecules Hemoglobin molecules Diffusion of oxygen Oxyhemoglobin molecule Hemoglobin molecules Diffusion of oxygen Blood flow (to lungs) Blood P O = 40 mm Hg Blood P O = 95 mm Hg Tissue cells Tissue P O = 40 mm Hg Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

55. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Oxyhemoglobin dissociation at 38°C % saturation of hemoglobin 10 0 40 50 60 70 90 80 100 1 10 120 130 140 20 30 P O 2 (mm Hg)

58. Tissue cell Cellular CO 2 Plasma Red blood cell Capillary wall Blood flow to systemic venule Tissue P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. CO 2 dissolved in plasma P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg Blood flow from systemic arteriole CO 2 combined with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin H 2 CO 3 H + combines with hemoglobin P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg HCO 3 - + H + CO 2 + H 2 O HCO 3 -

59. HCO 3 - Red blood cell HCO 3 - Cl - Cl - Cl - HCO 3 - Plasma Capillary wall Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

60. CO 2 CO 2 Alveolus Alveolar wall Capillary wall CO 2 HCO 3 - Carbaminohemoglobin Plasma Red blood cell P CO 2 = 45 mm Hg P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg CO 2 CO 2 dissolved in plasma Blood flow from pulmonary arteriole HCO 3 - + H + H 2 CO 3 H + released from hemoglobin Blood flow to pulmonary venule P CO 2 = 40 mm Hg + H 2 O CO 2 + hemoglobin Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.