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SEX
RELATED
INHERITANCE
HOW IS
    SEX
  (GENDER)
DETERMINED?
How is Sex Determined?
XY System
            • Most mammals and some insects use
              the “X” and “Y” chromosomes to
              determine sex
            • In humans, males are XY
              (heterogametic) while females are XX
              (homogametic)
            • In humans, a single gene (SRY) on the Y
              chromosome acts as a signal to set the
              developmental pathway towards
              maleness
ZW System
            • Birds, most fishe and some insects use
              the “Z” and “W” chromosomes to
              determine sex
            • The ovum determines the sex of the
              offspring
            • In birds, males are ZZ (homogametic)
              while females are ZW(heterogametic)
            • The W chromosome is thought to be
              essentail for female sex determination
              or at least contain female-determining
              genes.
X0 System
            • Crickets, grasshoppers and some
              insects use the number of X
              chromosomes to determine sex
            • The X0 system only has one sex
              chromosome – X
            • Males have only one X chromosome,
              (X0), females have two (XX)
            • The maternal gamete always contains
              an X chromosome. The sperm
              determines sex – containing either one
              X chromosome or no sex chromosomes
              at all.
SEX
LIMITED
TRAITS
Sex-Limited Traits
• Autosomal, not found in the sex
  chromosomes
• Genes are carried by both males and females,
  but only one sex would ever express them
• Example: genes that influence how much milk
  a lactating mother produces when she’s
  nursing a baby
• Another example: cryptorchidism
  (undescended testicles)
SEX
INFLUENCED
  TRAITS
Sex-Influenced Traits
• Autosomal, not found in the sex
  chromosomes
• Genes are carried by both males and females,
  but there is a difference in the way the two
  sexes express them
• Example: pattern baldness in humans. The
  baldness allele behaves like a dominant allele
  in males, while in females it behaves like a
  recessive allele
SEX
LINKED
TRAITS
Sex-Linked Traits
• Genes are found on the sex chromosomes
• Sex-linked traits are behave differently from
  autosomal traits when sex chromosomes are
  non-homologous
• May be dominant or recessive in nature
• Phenotype is dependent also on the presence
  of a complete gene pair or just one allele
• Example: Hemophilia (X-linked)
Reference
Kent Kawashima
Biology 11 Addison Wesley

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Sex determination & linkage

  • 2. HOW IS SEX (GENDER) DETERMINED?
  • 3. How is Sex Determined?
  • 4. XY System • Most mammals and some insects use the “X” and “Y” chromosomes to determine sex • In humans, males are XY (heterogametic) while females are XX (homogametic) • In humans, a single gene (SRY) on the Y chromosome acts as a signal to set the developmental pathway towards maleness
  • 5. ZW System • Birds, most fishe and some insects use the “Z” and “W” chromosomes to determine sex • The ovum determines the sex of the offspring • In birds, males are ZZ (homogametic) while females are ZW(heterogametic) • The W chromosome is thought to be essentail for female sex determination or at least contain female-determining genes.
  • 6. X0 System • Crickets, grasshoppers and some insects use the number of X chromosomes to determine sex • The X0 system only has one sex chromosome – X • Males have only one X chromosome, (X0), females have two (XX) • The maternal gamete always contains an X chromosome. The sperm determines sex – containing either one X chromosome or no sex chromosomes at all.
  • 8. Sex-Limited Traits • Autosomal, not found in the sex chromosomes • Genes are carried by both males and females, but only one sex would ever express them • Example: genes that influence how much milk a lactating mother produces when she’s nursing a baby • Another example: cryptorchidism (undescended testicles)
  • 10. Sex-Influenced Traits • Autosomal, not found in the sex chromosomes • Genes are carried by both males and females, but there is a difference in the way the two sexes express them • Example: pattern baldness in humans. The baldness allele behaves like a dominant allele in males, while in females it behaves like a recessive allele
  • 12. Sex-Linked Traits • Genes are found on the sex chromosomes • Sex-linked traits are behave differently from autosomal traits when sex chromosomes are non-homologous • May be dominant or recessive in nature • Phenotype is dependent also on the presence of a complete gene pair or just one allele • Example: Hemophilia (X-linked)