Presentation by Dr. Gábor Milics, Ph.D University of West Hungary, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Institute of Biosystems Engineering BioMotion Tour congress at Agritechnica, Hannover - 13 november 2009

1. Economic viability and sustainability by regional
implementation concepts
Vegetable oil as fuel
- Biofuel usage in Hungary -
Dr. Gábor Milics, Ph.D
University of West Hungary,
Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences,
Institute of Biosystems Engineering
milics@mtk.nyme.hu

2. Classification of biofuels according to
chronology of recognition and their
introduction
First Second Third Fourth
Generation
• bioethanol • biocomponent as • higher (>C 2 ) • biohydrogen
• vegetable molecular bioalcohols • biomethanol
oils consituents • biogasoline and bio • bio electric
• biodiesels (bio-ETBE) gas oil current
• blends of • bio gas oils (hydrocracking of (indirectly for
previous and (hydroisomerised biooils produced by fuel cells)
petroleum- vegetable oils) biomass pyrolysis • etc.
based fuels • bioethanol from • biofuels from bio
lignocelluloses synthesis gas
• biobuthanol • bioparaffins from
• biomethane carbohydrates
(biogas) • biodimethyl-ether
• etc. • etc.

3. Introduction
A market of biofuels is emerging in Hungary, as
evidenced by recent investment moves but there are
still huge potentials in biofuel production supported
by agricultural products, well developed
infrastructure, inland waterway ports.
Area planted in Hungary in the last
years:
Sunflower: 500 000 ha
Rapeseed: 200 000 ha
Maize: 1.1 million ha
Wheat: 1.1 million ha
Surplus wheat and maize grain:
3.7 – 5.4 million tonnes

4. Hungarian potential of raw material
Wheat raw material Maize raw material
• 1, 15 million ha • 1, 2 million ha
• 4-5 t/ha production average • 6-8 t/ha production average
• 4, 6 million tonns/year • 7, 1 millió tonns/year
•1 million tonns for ethanol •1,5 million tonns for ethanol
1294,5 kt
351,4 kt
3638,1 kt
1895,6 kt 755,2 kt
913,2 kt 1973,4 kt
297,7 kt
1796,8 kt
821,7 kt
3948,9kt
3450,1 kt
Cereal
whereof
2272,4 kt 1702,9 kt maize
million tonns

5. EU directives
EU directives The goal Hungarian Hungarian present
of the EU- accepting and expected future
by 2010 by 2010 capacity
2005 2008 2010
2001/77/EK 22.1 % 3,6 % 4,5 % 5,3 % 6,2 %
renewable energy rate
in the electric energy
2003/30/EK bio-fuels 5,75 % 2,0 % 0,5 % 2,0 % 4,0 %
rate in the whole fuels
The whole renewable 12,0 % 5,0 % 4,0 % 6,0 % 7,9 %
energy rate

6. Legislative background
• Measures were taken to bring Hungary in line with EU
directive that 0.4 % of all vehicle fuel consumed in the
country is of biological origin in 2006, increasing to 4%
by 2010.
• The produced quantity is free from excise tax till 2010,
if the whole quantity is blended in Hungary or is
transported from a Hungarian tax warehouse to a
foreign tax warehouse or is bought by a registered
distributor.
• If gasoline and diesel oil blended with at least 4.4%
biofuel, a discounted excise tax for gasoline and diesel
oil will be applied (tax: 103.5 HUF/l – gasoline, 85.0
HUF/l – diesel oil).
• Sales of petroleum fuel that contains no biofuel will
carry a tax penalty.
Source: A.J.Kovács

7. Demand of biofuels
Bioethanol
Biodiesel

8. Fuel consumption in Hungary
Million ton Billion liter
Gasoline 2.5 3.5
Petrol 1.5 2
For the 4,4 vol% blending 88 million liter (70 thousand
ton) bioethanol was needed in 2008.
By 2010 to rich the 5.75% target (8.61 vol%) 172 million
liter (136 thousand ton) is needed.
Raw material demand: 400 thousand ton corn (about 50-
60 thousand hectare.
Area of Corn in Hungary
1400
1200
thousand hectare
1000
800
600
400
200
0
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Source:KSH

9. Corn production per capita
Hungary is in the third place in the World!
Source: NationMaster.com

10. Bioethanol overview
There are two major players in Hungary:
Győr Distillery http://www.gyoriszesz.hu
http://www.hungrana.hu
and Hungrana.
In 2008 out of 250 milliion liter output 90 million liter
bioethanol was produced using 250 ton corn.
Optimistic estimations calculate with the 40-50% of the total
corn production for using it as raw material for bioethanol
on the long run. (that is a yearly 3-4 million ton.) Of this
amount of raw material 1,1-1,5 million ton bioetanol can be
produced, of which a large share can be sold for Sweden,
Denmark probably even in Germany.

11. Biodiesel
Concerning biodiesel: for the 4,4 vol% blending 156 million
liter (130 thousend ton) was used as fuel in 2008.
To fulfill the expectation of 5,75% (in energy equivalent)
blending by 2010 6,51 vol% blending is needed, that means
228 million liter (200 thousend ton) biodiesel have to be
produced.
The raw material need for this is 400 thousand ton of rape of
sunflower. Paralell to this in Hungary a yearly 200 thousand
ton used cooking oil can be turned into fuel.

12. Biodiesel
Two biodiesel plant was build in Hungary earlier: Kunhegyes
(Közép-Tiszai MG) and Mátészalka (Intertram). They have
couple of million liter capacity annualy, however they ofter
stop the production.
Mol & Rossi Beteiligungs in biodiesel joint venture has a
plant in Komárom, their raw material is 70% rape, 30% used
cooking oil. The capacity of the plant is 150 million liter which
equals to 0,3-0,4 million ton oilseed. That is 40% out of the
650 thousand ton rapeseed utilization.
The tour in Kunhegyes

13. Further development
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development:
Decentralisation is the key for further development in this
sector.
According to the opinion of the officials of the Ministry:
10-15 small scale plant with about 10 thousand ton capacity
4 middle scale plant with 50 thousand ton capacity
and
4 large scale plant with 100 thousand ton capacity shold be
build in the country.

14. Biogas
Agricultural raw material for biogas production in Hungary
is enough for about 8-10 million ton biogas production
which equals about 7-9 PJ. (Total energy demand is about
1150 PJ).
Tha main basis are the animal farms. In Hungary wet
technology (8-20% dry material) and semi dry (20-50% dry
material content) technology can be feasable technically
and economically.
Out of 1 kg dry material about 300-400 liter 60% methane
content biogas can be produced, which can be further
developed by plant based materials.

15. Biogas utilization
Budapest Gas Works CO. would like to utilize biogas as a
fuel in 2009. april they opened a CNG filling station (not for
the public yet...) There are two public CNG filling stations:
one in Győr, the other is in Szeged.

16. Studies on RME in practical conditions
Variations:
100% RME
70:30% RME : Diesel oil
50:50% RME : Diesel oil
Working hours
Spectrometric oil examinations
Main conclusions:
- there was not any power loss, even in the 100%
RME;
- 10-20% loss in oil change period;
- there was only slight problem in cold ignition.

17. Examination of used cooking oil in
tractor engines
OILCHECK measuring device for
determination of oil conditions by
dielectric properties
100%
Wearing out (%) 80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
Working hours
Plant_oil1 Gasoline1 Plant_oil2 Gasoline2
Main conclusions:
- there was not any problem in machine operation with the used oils;
- there was ignition problems in cold weather, where the cooling water
was below 50-60 ºC;
- there was problems in long time storage with resinification.

18. National R&D projects to establish
the Hungarian bio-diesel utilization
Sunflower experiments
2004: Six genetic experimental varieties;
2005: 28 cultivars and hybrids; parameters
were measured: viscosity (at 40 °C and 100 °C); iodine
value; density (at 15 °C); Oil yield; palmitic acid;
stearic acid; linolic acid; potassium content; sulfur
content; nitrogen content;
2006: Selected varieties.
Rapeseed experiments
2005: 15 cultivars and hybrids;
2006: 42 cultivars and hybrids.

19. Quality requirements of plant based
oil as fuel
Limit
Specification Standard
min. max.
DIN EN ISO 3675. DIN EN ISO
Density (at 15 °C), [g/cm3] 0.90 0.93
12185
Kinematic Viscosity (at 40 °C), [mm2/s] - 38 DIN EN ISO 3104
Flash Point (closed cup, Pensky-Martens), [°C] 220 - DIN EN ISO 22719
Heating value, [MJ/kg] 35 DIN 51900-3
Cetane number - - kidolgozás alatt
Carbon Residue (Conradson number), [%] - 0.40 DIN EN ISO 10370
Cold point, [°C] to be determined DIN V 51608
Total contamination, [mg/kg] - 25 DIN EN 12662
Total contamination larger than 0.005 mm,
to be determined DIN 51419
[mg/kg]
Ash, [%] - 0.01 DIN EN ISO 6245
Water, [%] - 0.075 pr EN ISO 12937
Phosphorus, [mg/kg] - 15 ASTM D 3231-99
Sulfur Content, [mg/kg] - 20 ASTM D 5453-93
Acid Value, [mg KOH/g] - 2.0 DIN EN ISO 660
Iodine value (iodine-bromine), g I2/100g 100 120 DIN 53241-1
Oxidation Stability, [h] 5 - ISO 6886

20. Instruments used for the
measurements
CSOP 92 type oil-press
Plate and 10 frame filter (filter
area: 3.2 m2)

21. Results for sunflower varieties
Iodine
Fatty acid Remained in Acid value number
Oil yield Carbon
Number content press cake mgKOH/g gI2/100 Ranking
[%] Residue
[sz.a.%] [%] g
1 36.61 24.98 11.02 4.8 113 0.32
2 47.37 33.72 9.21 2 116 0.3 3
3 52.62 40.2 8.85 3.2 117 0.34
4 52.2 37.86 9.32 1.9 120 0.23 4
5 46.76 32.65 10.1 2.1 118 0.29 10
6 49.31 36.04 9.5 2.5 112 0.27 9
7 46.87 32.48 9.7 3.9 118 0.24
8 51.02 38.8 8.27 1.1 117 0.27 1
9 50.72 37.04 9.49 2.8 118 0.28 6
10 52.23 39.7 8.83 3.1 120 0.34
11 49.94 37.53 9.76 2.9 121 0.29
12 47.13 34.81 9.43 2.3 117 0.29
13 44.05 31.53 9.7 2.7 112 0.34
14 50.61 34.4 10.08 1.8 116 0.34 5

22. Effect of pressing temperature
120
Pressing temperature [°C]
y = 2.1227x + 12.763
110 R2 = 0.5049
100
90
80
70
60
30 32 34 36 38 40 42
Oil yield [%]
The pressing temperatures as a function of oil
yield in varieties of 2005

23. Thermographic images of oil press
87.0°C
SP01
80
70
Low oil yield type
60 NOS 3-1165
50
40
AR01 37.0°C
87.0°C
SP01
80
FLIR PM675 type IR camera
70
60
High oil yield 70 NOS
50
3-1170
40
AR01 37.0°C

24. Scanning electron microscopic
images of different sunflower seeds
Low oil yield High oil yield
Magn.: 1000×
× Magn.: 1000×
×
Magn.: 2000×
× Magn.: 2000×
×

25. The pressing temperatures as a
function of oil yield in varieties of 2005
90
Pressing temperature [°C]
85
80
75
70
y = 2.2829x - 1.9496
65 R2 = 0.7882
60
28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Oil yield [%]

26. Selection of rapeseed oils for fuel
Iodine
Acid Remained in
Oil yield number Acid value
Number content press cake Ranking
[%] gI2/100 mgKOH/g
[sz.a.%] [%]
g
1 50.29 33.98 12.9 105 1.7 4
2 47.01 31.05 12.8 105 1.2 7
3 50.58 34.94 12.2 108 2.6
4 49.31 33.44 12.5 107 2.5
5 50.88 33.06 14.1 102 0.8 5
6 50.2 31.82 14.0 108 1.8 6
7 50.17 31.69 14.5 104 4.2
8 51.86 36.89 11.8 104 1.2 1
9 47.69 32.38 12.3 106 3.5
10 48.73 30.6 14.0 103 2.3
11 48.95 32.72 12.2 104 2.2
12 44.92 24.99 15.5 105 3
13 53.13 36.12 12.2 102 1.1 2
14 50.29 34.66 11.8 107 1.4 3
15 51.66 35.48 12.2 106 4.4

27. The changes of kinematic viscosity of
rapeseeds in different temperatures
90 20°C
80
70 40°C
Viscosity [mm 2/s]
60
50 60°C
40
40°C
30
(Univ.
20 Veszprém)
100°C
10
(Univ.
0 Veszprém)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Cultivar #

28. Conclusions of the measurements
There are major differences among sunflower and
rapeseed varieties in connection to the pressing
characteristics and oil yields.
Several cold pressed varieties, cultivars and hybrids fulfill
the requirements for bio-fuel utilization.
By testing the varieties in rapeseed the acid values are
significant; in sunflower besides the acid values, the
iodine number, the cinematic viscosity and carbon
residue have to be determined.
The oil residues in cakes in the tested small screw press
can be up to 25-30%. This has to be decreased by
temperature control (heater) and partial dehulling of
sunflower.

29. Cellulase enzyme activition to
increase bio-ethanol production
Aims of this project:
Enhance the efficiency of cellulosic ethanol production.
Study the non-thermal effect of microwave treatment.
Measure the cellulase enzyme activity.

30. Potentials of energetic biomass from
agriculture in Hungary
No. Biomass Quantity Energy content
1000 t/year PJ/year
Min. / Max. Min. / Max.
I. Biomass for combustion
1. Straw 1.000 1.200 11,7 14,0
2. Stalk 2.000 2.500 24,0 30,0
3. Energy grass 500 600 6,0 7,0
4. Vine-and orchard shoot 300 350 4,3 5,0
5. Energy plants on arable land 1.800 2.500 27,3 38,0
II. Production of bio fuels
1. Corn (maize) 1.200 2.000 14,4 24,0
2. Wheat/rye 600 1.800 7,2 21,6
3. Rape 300 660 4,5 9,0
4. Sunflower 90 200 1,6 3,2
III. Biogas production
1. Liquid manure, organic waste 6.000 10.000 5,4 9,0
2. Silo maize, sorghum 1.600 3.200 5,4 10,8
IV. Total agriculture: 111,8 171,6
V. Forestry 50,0 62,0
VI. Sum 161,8 233,6
In % of the total Hungarian energy consumption of 1130 PJ %-ban 14,4 % 20,9%

31. Crop-bioenergy-animal-food
production
FVMMI - Aston University England

32. Thank You for Your attention!