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North Dakota Department of Emergency Services
Basic Radio 101
An Emergency Responder’s Guide to Effective Radio Communication
Participant Guide
Handbook
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Contents
Module 1 Basic Radio 101 ................................................................................... 3
Module 2 Radio Protocol Guidelines ................................................................ 12
Module 3 Basic Radio Troubleshooting ........................................................... 21
Radio Glossary.................................................................................................. 25
Basic Radio 101 Committee Members
Northeast Region Southwest Region
Al Morkin, Grand Forks 911 (retired September 2009) Mike Dannenfelzer, Burleigh County,
Brad Tweed, Sykeston Fire Department Gary Kostelecky, Stark County (retired May 2009)
Southeast Region Northwest Region
Byron Sieber, Red River Regional Dispatch Center Barry Jager, Burke County Sheriff
Jill Breuer, Richland County Dispatch Center Aaron Myers, Minot Community Ambulance
State Resources
Ken Jarolimek, ND Department of Emergency Services
Tim Meyer, ND Dept. of Health, Emergency Medical Services
Stuart Hammer, ND Dept. of Health, Emergency Medical Services
Becky Ault, ND Department of Emergency Services – Lead
Training Program Development
Ben Hoffman, North Dakota State University Emergency Management Graduate Student
Becky Koch, NDSU Agriculture Communication Director
Photos and images in this presentation are used with permission from fema.gov, istockphoto.com and Motorola, Inc.
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Module 1 Introduction to Basic Radio
Getting to Know Your Radio and How to Use it Effectively
___________________________________
___________________________________
Basic Radio 101 ___________________________________
An Emergency Responder’s Guide
to Effective Radio Communication
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Communication is Important
• Communicate
___________________________________
effectively
• Protect community
___________________________________
• Save lives
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Purpose
___________________________________
Provide a common understanding of
basic two-way radio knowledge and ___________________________________
guidelines to enhance overall
communication for all North Dakota
___________________________________
emergency responders
___________________________________
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___________________________________
Overview of Training
Module 1: Introduction to Radio Basics ___________________________________
Module 2: Radio Protocol Guidelines ___________________________________
Module 3: Troubleshooting ___________________________________
Module 4: Local Perspective
___________________________________
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Introduction to
Radio Basics ___________________________________
Getting to Know Your Radio and
How to Use It Effectively ___________________________________
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Module 1
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Introduction to Radio Basics
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Radio Communication
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Walkie-talkies, Phones and Radios
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How It Works
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• Radio console
• Base station
• Tower/repeater
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• Mobile radio
• Portable radio
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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What’s a PSAP?
___________________________________
Public
Safety
___________________________________
Answering
Point
___________________________________
Emergency
911 ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Base Station
___________________________________
• Fixed radio station
• Receives and
transmits
___________________________________
– NOT simultaneously
http://cfpub.epa.gov ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Mobile Radio
___________________________________
• Mounted
• Used in motion or
stopped ___________________________________
___________________________________
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Portable Radio
___________________________________
• Battery powered
• Hand held
• Carried by ___________________________________
person
___________________________________
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Repeaters
• Boost signal ___________________________________
• Receive and transmit
different frequencies
simultaneously ___________________________________
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Towers
• Reduce interference ___________________________________
• Signal travels farther
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Introduction to Radio Basics
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Anatomy of a Radio
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Power
• Power “ON” and “OFF” ___________________________________
• Different styles
– Push button
– Control knob ___________________________________
• Turn off when
changing batteries
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Squelch
• Eliminates noise on ___________________________________
analog radios
• “Open” for white noise
• “Close” to reduce noise
___________________________________
• Separate knob or ring
under volume knob
___________________________________
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Push-to-Talk (PTT)
• Wait 2 seconds ___________________________________
• Speak in normal voice
• Incoming messages
lost if PTT is activated
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Speaker & Mic
• Speaker and mic ___________________________________
together
• Mic when PTT is
pressed ___________________________________
• Speaker when PTT is
not in use
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Antenna
• Vertical for best ___________________________________
reception
• Not a handle
___________________________________
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Batteries
___________________________________
• When storing:
– Turn off radio
– Remove or replace
with charged ___________________________________
batteries
• Have extra battery
pack ___________________________________
___________________________________
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___________________________________
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Introduction to Radio Basics
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Programming the Radio
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Analog vs. Digital Signals
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Analog Digital
• Signal unaltered • Not continuous
• Heard simultaneously • Signal encoded
___________________________________
• Human voice is analog • Converted back to plain
audio
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Battle of the Bands
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UHF VHF
• Ultra-high Frequency • Very High Frequency
• 450 MHz to 470 MHz • 150 MHz to 170 MHz ___________________________________
• Respond to and recover from: ___________________________________
• ALL Hazards
• ALL Disasters
___________________________________
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Channel Scanning
Channel/Mode
Select Knob
___________________________________
• Push-button
• Dial control ___________________________________
• Automatic scanning
___________________________________
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Selecting Frequency
Channel/Mode
___________________________________
Name
• One frequency at
Channel/Mode
a time Select Knob POL
• Must be on same
DISP NW
PAGE
MUTE
CALL ___________________________________
channel
• Special-use
frequencies ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Introduction to Radio Basics
Review ___________________________________
• General radio
communication
• Anatomy of a radio ___________________________________
• Programming the radio
___________________________________
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Module 2 Radio Protocol Guidelines
Legal, Effective and Appropriate Radio Communication
___________________________________
___________________________________
Radio Protocol Guidelines ___________________________________
Legal, Effective and Appropriate
Radio Communication
___________________________________
___________________________________
Module 2
___________________________________
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FCC Overview
___________________________________
• Monitors
• Reviews ___________________________________
• Licenses
• Fines
• Suspends
www.fcc.gov • Revokes
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Frequency License
• Licensee ___________________________________
responsibilities:
– Maintain station
control ___________________________________
– Function
– Operate properly
___________________________________
Wall of circuit boards connecting
dispatch consoles with base
___________________________________
stations throughout North Dakota
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___________________________________
Rules
Not allowed: ___________________________________
• False calls
• Fraudulent distress
signals ___________________________________
• Unnecessary or
unidentified
communications ___________________________________
• Obscene, indecent or
profane language
• Improper call signals
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Monitoring Transmission
___________________________________
• Monitor for at least
2 seconds before ___________________________________
transmitting
• Avoid causing
harmful ___________________________________
interference
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Restrictions
___________________________________
• Minimum practical
time of transmission
• No chatting ___________________________________
• Be concise when
transmitting
___________________________________
Courtesy of RRR Dispatch
___________________________________
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Priorities
___________________________________
Priority calls:
• Life safety
___________________________________
• Property
___________________________________
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Radio Protocol Guidelines
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Common Errors
and Best Practices ___________________________________
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Voice Quality
___________________________________
• Maintain consistent
pitch, volume and
delivery speed ___________________________________
• Use normal tone
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Rate of Speech
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Headquarters,251,furryfelinefoundfearfulforfleesinfirtree…
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Whoa, slow down.
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Pronunciation
Problem Solution ___________________________________
• Mispronounced • Phonetically spell
– Words word or name ___________________________________
– Names
• Speech • Maintain consistent
– Drawled voice quality in all ___________________________________
– Lazy situations
___________________________________
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Voice Clipping
___________________________________
Remember the 2-Second Rule!
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• Depress PTT button
2 Seconds before
speaking
___________________________________
• Release PTT button
2 Seconds after
speaking ___________________________________
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Letting Feelings Talk
• Avoid: ___________________________________
– Anger
– Frustration
___________________________________
– Boredom
• Be thoughtful ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Thinking Out Loud
Wow, the I, uh, think • Think before you ___________________________________
sun is he went, um,
bright. that way.
speak
Wow, the sun • Be clear and concise
is bright.
• Insert pauses or
___________________________________
breaks for longer
transmissions
• Use “stand by” to ___________________________________
collect thoughts
• Keep it simple!
___________________________________
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Personal Pleasantries
Really, don’t
___________________________________
Thanks for all
mention it.
the help!
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Crowded or Noisy Areas
___________________________________
• Raise voice
• Whisper
• Turn away from
___________________________________
noise
___________________________________
• Use conversational tone
• Use normal voice
• Face noise ___________________________________
___________________________________
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Method of Calling
___________________________________
4810, Dispatch. 4810.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Method of Calling
40010 East Carpenter Road ___________________________________
theft report. Meet with
Clark Kent regarding wallet
theft. 4-0-0-1-0 East
Carpenter Road.
4810, copy.
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Acknowledging
Transmission ___________________________________
4810, ambulance
enroute. 4810, copy. ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Pre-alerting
___________________________________
• Prioritize
• Prepare to receive
– Information ___________________________________
– Be On the Lookouts
(BOLOs)
– Telephone numbers ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Pre-alert Categories
• Inquiries – Need to ask
___________________________________
a question or run
information
___________________________________
• Information – Sharing
information to be
written down ___________________________________
• Details – Follow up with
details to incident call ___________________________________
___________________________________
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Emergency! Now What?
Responders inform the ___________________________________
PSAP when they:
1. Receive their page
2. Are en route to the scene ___________________________________
3. Arrive at the scene
4. Leave the scene
5. Are back at base ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Addresses & Locations
___________________________________
• Whole address
– First, say normally
– Second, break ___________________________________
down numbers
• Common names
– Universally known ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Addresses & Locations
Example ___________________________________
• Whole address
– First, “4320 3rd
St. E.” ___________________________________
– Second, “4-3-2-0
Third Street East”
• Common names ___________________________________
– Discovery Middle
School
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Code Usage
8120, 10-30 using
10-codes. 10-62.
? ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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Code Usage
8120. We’ve got an ___________________________________
illegal use of 10-codes. 8120, copy.
Reply to message.
___________________________________
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Dispatch Traffic
• Confirm receipt of ___________________________________
correct information
• Reinforce
information for ___________________________________
dispatcher
• Prevent other units
from calling before ___________________________________
dispatch is ready
___________________________________
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Module 3 Basic Radio Troubleshooting
Diagnosing and Correcting Problems with Two-way Radios
___________________________________
___________________________________
Basic Radio
Troubleshooting ___________________________________
Diagnosing and Correcting Problems
with Two-way Radios ___________________________________
___________________________________
Module 3
___________________________________
___________________________________
Purpose
___________________________________
Provide general troubleshooting tips
first responders can use to maintain ___________________________________
functional two-way radios
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Troubleshooting
Portable Mobile ___________________________________
• Power • Power
• Transmission • Transmission
• Audio Quality • Audio Quality ___________________________________
• Limited Talk Range • Limited Talk Range
• Message Not Received • Message Not Received
• Battery Problems • Blank Display ___________________________________
XTL 2500
ZONE SCAN PHON CALL PAGE
___________________________________
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Power -- Portable
• Does the unit beep, ___________________________________
display data or both?
• Is the battery properly
– charged? ___________________________________
– connected?
___________________________________
___________________________________
Portable
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Battery Problems
• Avoid extreme temperatures ___________________________________
• Clean battery or charger
contacts
• Check charging pin on
transformer ___________________________________
• Recharge or replace
___________________________________
___________________________________
Portable
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Power -- Mobile
Problem Solution ___________________________________
• Blank or dark display • Ensure unit is on
• No sound • If possible, check
connection ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Mobile
___________________________________
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___________________________________
Transmission
• PTT button not ___________________________________
pressed correctly
• Verify channel,
frequency and code ___________________________________
settings
• Verify transmission
indicator ___________________________________
Transmission Indicator Light
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Audio Quality
• Volume at midrange level ___________________________________
• Proper mic handling
– Hold mic 2 inches to side of
mouth, like cell phone, not ___________________________________
under nose
• Press PTT 2 seconds
before and after speaking ___________________________________
• Be aware of obstructions
– Buildings, heavy foliage, etc.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Limited Talk Range
Cause Solution ___________________________________
• Steel and/or concrete • Clear line of vision
structures/buildings,
heavy foliage, ___________________________________
vehicles in the way ?
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
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___________________________________
Limited Talk Range
Cause Solution ___________________________________
• Too close to body • Change location on
body
• Secure antenna;
___________________________________
• Antenna
make snug & vertical
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Message Not Received
Problem Solution ___________________________________
• Wrong frequency or • Confirm frequency or
channel channel is correct
___________________________________
• Batteries • Recharge or replace
• Obstructions • Change location
• Incorrect mode • Verify scan setting ___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Conclusion
___________________________________
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Radio Glossary
Analog Radio – Radio in which voice signals are sent over the air in an unaltered form and are heard the
same time they are communicated (Human voice is an analog signal.)
Antenna – Any structure or device used to collect or radiate radio waves
Bank – Same as zone
Base Station – A fixed radio station that receives or transmits on particular frequencies but not
simultaneously
Car to Car – Same as direct
Channel – Radio frequency utilized for transmitting or receiving (or both) radio signals
Conventional Radio System – A nontrunked radio system. Everyone with access to a channel hears all audio
transmitted over that channel. User determines availability by listening for an open channel before
transmitting. (Similar to a telephone party line)
Digital Radio – A radio in which audio and signaling information are encoded from natural format to form a
digital data stream. Digital radios that receive the digital data stream convert information back to intelligible
voice and signaling.
Direct – To communicate with another radio without using a repeater. To receive and transmit on the same
frequency.
Encryption – A radio technology that converts plain, intelligible audio into an unintelligible signal. Radios
with encryption technology have the ability to receive the unintelligible signal and convert it to plain audio.
FCC – Federal Communications Commission
Federal Communications Commission – The federal government agency that regulates use of the radio
spectrum
Gateway – A device that electronically connects two or more fundamentally different communications
networks. This temporary connection allows interoperability between different communications networks.
GHZ – Abbreviation for Gigahertz
Gigahertz – A unit of frequency denoting 1 billion hertz
Group – Same as Zone
Hertz – A unit of frequency in cycles per second. A hertz is one cycle per second.
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HZ – Abbreviation for Hertz Mic- Abbreviation for microphone
KHZ – Abbreviation for Kilohertz
Kilohertz – A unit of frequency denoting 1000 hertz
Megahertz – A unit of frequency denoting 1 million hertz
MHZ – Abbreviation for Megahertz
Mic – Abbreviation for microphone
Microphone – Audio transducer that converts audio into electronic signals for transmission
Mobile – A two-way radio unit mounted in a car, boat, plane, etc. and used while in motion or at
various stops
Monitor – Listen to a radio channel to ensure frequency is free of radio traffic before transmitting
Narrowbanding – An FCC order that requires all radio users operating in the VHF and UHF bands to
migrate from a wide-channel/frequency to a narrow-channel/frequency. Wide-channel operation will
not be allowed after January 1, 2013.
P25 – Abbreviation of Project 25
Pager – A receive-only communications device that alerts the user when receiving a voice or text
message
Point-to-Point – Transmissions made from one fixed location to another fixed location (between PSAPs)
Portable – A battery-powered, hand-held two-way radio unit that is carried on the person
Project 25 – A joint government/industry standards-setting effort to develop the next generation of
public safety radios, both voice and data
PSAP – Public Safety Answering Point. The location where dispatchers answer 911 calls (for example,
State Radio or any of the 21 N.D. dispatch centers).
PTT – Abbreviation for Push to Talk
Push-to-Talk Switch – The switch on a microphone (mobile or lapel mic) or a portable that, when
pressed, causes radio to transmit
Repeater – A radio station that receives on a certain frequency and simultaneously transmits on
another frequency
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Simplex – Same as Direct
Squelch – A radio control that eliminates noise from the speaker
Subscriber Radio – Mobile or portable radios
Talk Around – Same as Direct
Tower – A vertical communications structure. Communications antennas are installed at or near the top
of the structure to negate the impact of surrounding geography.
Transmit Indicator – Typically a light or icon on the radio that indicates radio is in transmit mode
Trunking Radio System – An electronically controlled, shared radio system that integrates multiple
communications channels into a single radio system. By design, a trunking system with a relatively small
number of channels can effectively handle a relatively large number of users.
UHF Band – Abbreviation for Ultra-high Frequency Band. For first responder radio purposes, the
frequency/radio channels range from 450 MHZ to 470 MHZ (excluding federal agencies).
VHF Band – Abbreviation for Very High Frequency Band. For first responder radio purposes, the
frequency/radio channels range from 150 MHZ to 170 MHZ. (Almost all first responder radios and radio
systems within North Dakota are in the VHF frequency band.)
Volume Control – An adjustable control on a subscriber radio that increases or decreases to receive
audio level. Typically either a rotary or push-button control.
Zone – A grouping of radio channels defined within subscriber radio. Typically utilized when radio is
programmed with a large number of radio channels (greater than 16 channels).
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For more training information please contact:
North Dakota Department of Emergency Services
Office: 701.328.8100
Toll Free: 800.773.3259
Fax: 701.328.8181
Fraine Barracks Lane – Building 35
P.O. Box 5511
Bismarck, ND 58506-5511
OCTOBER 2009