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Resin Finishing
1. d
n
m
o
k
11
e
i
b
o
DENIMIST
2011
DNMSTDENIMDESINGFASHIONARTLIFE
DB
DENIM BOOK
D E N I M I S T
2. DB
DENIM B O O K
DENIMIST
T U R K E Y
Since
decades
Denimist
has
developed
know-‐how
in
denim
finishing
prior
to
garment
manufacturing
and
also
in
jeans
washing.
Our
customers
derive
benefit
from
this
experience.For
the
fabric
production
we
offer
finishing
chemicals
which
provide
the
demanded
fabric
properties
such
as
good
sewability,
stiffness,elasticity
and
handle.
The
other
field
of
our
activity
is
the
recommendation
of
laundring
Procedures
for
ready-‐made
clothing
such
as
trousers,
jackets
or
skirts,
shirts.
In
doing
so
we
have
learned
that
many
errors
may
occur
in
this
complicated
production
process.
The
laundry,
the
last
step
in
the
sequence
of
producers,
is
faced
to
difficulties
which
are
caused
by
previous
inaccuracies.
Therefore,
a
good
cooperation
among
the
steps
of
jeans
manufacturing
is
required
to
avoid
problems.
Fabric
producer,
garment
manufacturer
and
laundries
have
to
work
together
to
obtain
the
desired
end
result.
By
means
of
our
contacts
on
both
sides
of
the
production
process
we
are
able
to
make
our
contribution.
The
technical
stuff
of
Denimist
is
always
ready
to
help
our
customers
with
eventual
problems
and
to
modify
production
procedures
according
to
the
respective
requirements.
Through
our
numerous
contacts
which
we
have
got
with
denim
producers,
garment
manufacturers
and
laundries
during
the
years
we
support
the
team
work
among
all
sections
of
the
jeans
chain
and
make
our
know-‐how
available
to
all
of
the
parties
concerned
3. DBDENIM B O O K
RESIN
FINISHING
Resin
processes
have
become
more
popular
recently.
The
biggest
disadvantage
of
the
resin
processing
is
the
strength
loss
of
the
fabric.
There
are
3
main
reasons
for
this
strength
loss.
The
binds
which
are
formed
by
resin
break
the
binds
which
are
already
formed
on
the
fabric
and
giving
the
strength
of
the
fabric.
The
damage
of
cellulose
fibers
by
resin
which
has
a
very
low
pH
As
the
fabrics
treated
with
resin
have
a
stiff
handle
and
low
Slippin
gover
properties
the
tear
strength
of
the
fabric
falls
down.
4. DBDENIM B O O K
After
the
resin
process
around
15-‐40%
tear
strength
loss
is
observed
on
the
fabric.For
this
reason
some
standards
are
required.
E.g.
for
trousers
min
750
N
strength
for
warp
wise
and
600
N
strength
for
weft
wise
are
required.
Resin
Processes
can
be
done
either
on
the
washed
fabric
or
on
the
greige
fabric.If
it
is
to
be
done
on
the
greige
fabric,a
deairating
wetting
agent
like
Deniwet
SI
must
be
used
due
to
the
hydophility
problems.
Denires
CUBE
has
been
being
used
not
just
only
for
crinkles
and
whiskers
but
also
hand-‐sanding
effect
as
the
hand
sanding
effects
of
the
fabric
will
be
brighter
than
those
which
are
not
treated
with
Denires
CUBE.(
Especially
if
Denires
U-‐
TEAR
Denicoat
DERM
,
Denires
TRITON
)
Denires
CUBE
treated
fabric
will
have
a
good
hand-‐sanding
effect
as
well
as
a
good
sand
blasting
effect.
The
most
crucial
thing
for
the
resin
treated
fabrics
is
the
strength
loss
if
they
will
be
applied
handsanding
or
sand
blasting.
Like
resins,hand
sanding
and
sand
blasting
also
causes
strength
loss.For
this
reason,on
the
fabrics
which
will
be
done
handsanding
or
sand
blasting,along
with
Denires
CUBE
,
Denires
U-‐TEAR
,
Denicoat
DERM
also
advised
to
be
used.
5. DBDENIM B O O K
RESIN
PROCESSES
FOR
INDIGO
DYED
GARMENTS
It
is
one
of
the
most
dangerous
process
in
a
washing
plant.Resin
processes
are
applied
to
a
garment
for
different
processes.These
are
;
Permanent
3-‐D
Grey
cast
Unwashed
appereance
Different
handles.
After
the
application
of
resin,the
temperature
is
increased
and
condensation
is
completed.
the
process
is
all
about
giving
a
new
form
to
a
garment
and
then
making
it
permanent.
In
that
sense
this
is
a
permanent
process
which
means
ther
is
no
chance
to
correct
the
faulty
garments.
MOST
COMMON
PROBLEMS
1.
Strength
loss
and
tearing
2.
Temporary
3-‐D
3.
Lighter
shade
or
turning
of
the
cast
into
blue
4.
Failure
of
formaldehyte
test
5.
Differences
in
production
To
solve
these
problems,first
the
chemistry
of
the
process
must
be
understood.
As
mentioned
before,the
aim
of
the
process
is
to
give
a
new
format
to
the
fibre
and
keeping
it
permanently.This
happens
at
150
°C
and
meanwhile
due
to
the
catalayst
the
pH
falls
down.
Theorically
cellulosic
fiber
breaks
down
at
high
temperature
and
low
pH
which
is
not
required
practically.
For
this
reason
the
conditions
must
be
controlled
as
much
as
possible
and
some
auxilaries
must
be
used.
6. DB
DENIM B O O K
AUXILARIS
AND
FACTORS
1.
TEMPERATURE
It
is
one
of
the
most
important
factors.The
temperature
must
be
increased
upto
150
°C
and
kept
stable
till
the
reaction
is
completed.
The
important
thing
is
the
temperature
of
the
surface
of
the
fabric
not
the
oven
temperature.
The
temperature
of
the
oven
will
be
adjusted
according
to
the
humidity
of
the
fabric,the
in-‐oven
time
and
weaving
of
the
fabric.If
it
is
higher
than
160
°C
then
the
strength
loss
will
be
more
and
if
the
temperature
is
less
than
150
°C,then
permanency
problem
will
come
up.
2.
FABRIC
TYPE
The
strength
of
the
fabric
at
the
beginning
should
be
high
and
there
shouldn’t
be
any
alkali
on
the
fabric
as
it
will
disturb
the
pH.
3.
OVEN
To
avoid
the
failure
from
the
formaldehyte
and
differences
in
production,there
should
be
enough
ventilation
inside
of
the
oven
and
the
air
should
be
thrown
out
regularly.
4.
RESIN
TYPES
Resins
and
auxilaries
are
subject
after
all
the
above
conditions
have
been
ensured.
Generally
2
types
of
resins
are
being
used
in
the
market;
a.
Catalayst
built-‐in
resins
as
Denires
CUBE
b.
Resins
without
catalayst
as
Denires
CUBE-‐NC
Practically
the
catalayst
gives
extra
stiffness
to
the
fabric
but
that
doesn’t
mean
the
more
catalayst,the
better
permanancy
But
the
more
catalayst
means
the
Lower
pH
and
lower
strength.This
problem
won’t
be
faced
with
the
resins
that
Have
catalayts
in
as
the
adjustment
of
the
amount
of
the
catalayst
is
done
properly.
7. DB
DENIM B O O K
5.
AUXILARIES
Denires
U-‐TEAR
:
Decreases
the
strength
loss.Mixture
of
acrilates
and
gives
grey
cast.
Denires
U-‐HRD
:
Harder
version
of
Denires
U-‐TEAR
Denıres
TRITON
:
Wrinkle
Resistant
Agent
Denicoat
DERM
:
Polyethilene
emulsions
are
very
useful
to
avoid
the
strength
loss
and
to
increase
extra
strength
after
its
loss.But
it
must
be
remembered
that,if
it
is
used
at
the
beginning
of
the
process,it
decreases
the
unit
amount
of
resin
on
the
fabric
and
effects
the
permanancy
of
the
3-‐D
ina
negative
way.
Denires
CUBE-‐ML
:
Special
chemical
for
cross-‐linking.It
increases
the
unit
amount
of
the
resin
on
the
fabric.In
some
cases
they
ensure
that
the
temperature
of
the
oven
drops
down
by
15-‐25
°C
and
still
the
reaction
continues.This
is
helpful
with
the
garments
where
the
strength
loss
is
inevitable.
Denisoft
VIVID
:
Increases
the
brightness
of
the
fabric
after
resin
applications.effects
the
strength
positively
and
as
it
is
a
reactive
silicone,washing
permanancy
is
high.
8. DB
DENIM B O O K
Denires CUBE
Deni Res CUBE
Product
Line
Product
Group
Resin
Name
9. DB
DENIM B O O K
SPRAYING
RESIN
150
gr
Denires
CUBE
50
gr
Denires
U-‐TEAR
800
gr
Water
Drying
at
100
°C
for
15
min.
Curing
at
155
°C
for
15
min
If
a
brighter
look
is
required,
20-‐50
gr/lt
Denisoft
VIVID
is
added
into
the
solution.
The
above
solution
is
made
1
liter
by
water.Then
it
is
applied
onto
the
fabric
by
spraying
and
the
crinkles
are
formed
and
baking
procedures
start.
10. DB
DENIM B O O K
DIPPING
RESIN
Denires
CUBE
:
75
g/l
Denires
U-‐TEAR
:
25
g/l
Drying
at
100
°C
for
15
min.
Curing
at
155
°C
for
15
min
The
solution
is
prepared
according
to
the
above
ratios.The
trousers
are
dipped
into
the
solution.
After
keeping
them
in
the
solution
for
about
5-‐15
min,they
are
taken
out
and
hung
on
the
hangers
for
about
10-‐30
min.
to
ensure
that
the
excessive
amount
of
resin
will
flow
down.
Then
the
crinkles
are
formed
and
the
baking
is
done.
11. DB
DENIM B O O K
WASHING
MACHINE
RESIN
Denires
CUBE
:
50
–
80
g/l
Denires
U-‐TEAR
:
25
–
50
g/l
Deniwet
ZEN
:
1
g/l
Drying
at
100
°C
for
15
min.
Curing
at
155
°C
for
15
min
Liqour
:
1/4
or
1/10
Temperature
:
25
º
C
The
above
solution
is
prepared.1
trousers
is
weighed.
Then
water
is
taken
into
the
machine
and
the
chemical
solution
is
given
into
the
machine.
After
the
machine
runs
a
few
seconds,the
trousers
are
put
in
the
machine
and
run
about
5-‐15
min.
Then
the
bath
is
dropped
and
the
machine
does
exctraction.(Crease
risk
at
extractor).After
the
exctraction
has
been
completedone
of
the
trousers
is
weighed
again
and
if
it
has
%50-‐65
of
its
weight
of
resin
then
the
baking
process
is
applied.
12. DBDENIM B O O K
BAKING
PROCESS
•
After
the
permanent
crinkles
are
done
and
the
garments
are
clipsed,
•
They
are
put
in
the
oven
at
100
-‐120
C
for
15-‐
25
min.Then
the
garments
are
taken
out
of
the
oven,the
clipses
are
undone
and
put
in
back
in
the
oven
again
at
155-‐160
°C
for
10-‐20
min.In
this
point
2
parameters
are
crucial;
1.Oven
Temperature
:
The
temperature
inside
of
the
oven.
2.Fabric
Temperature:
The
temperature
reached
on
the
surface
of
the
fabric.
There
are
2
types
of
timing:
1.Baking
Time
:
The
duration
of
the
garments
staying
inside
of
the
ove
2.Reaction
Time
:
The
duration
after
the
temperature
of
the
garment
is
reached
up
to
required
temperature
•
For
example
in
an
conveyored
oven
where
the
entrance
into
the
oven
and
exit
out
of
the
oven
is
15
min.,the
reaction
time
would
be
around
5-‐6
min.
•
The
same
thing
happens
in
the
chambered
ovens,too.For
this
reason,the
temperature
on
the
surface
of
the
garment
must
be
considered
and
the
calibration
of
the
oven
must
be
done
regularly.
Calibration
is
done
with
thermal
papers
and
they
are
placed
on
the
garment
as
follows:
Waist
Band
Area
:
As
this
area
is
thick
it
will
take
more
time
to
reach
to
the
desired
temperature.So
the
thermal
paper
must
be
placed
right
above
this
area.
Knee
Area
:
Thermal
paper
must
be
placed
right
in
the
middle
of
this
area
Leg
Area
:
Thermal
paper
must
be
placed
around
1
cm
above
the
leg
If
3
garment
having
those
thermal
papers
placed
on
them
are
placed
in
the
front,middle
and
back
of
the
oven,the
temperature
circulation
of
the
oven
can
be
measured
properly.
13. DBDENIM B O O K
DENIMIST
PRODUCTS
FOR
RESIN
FINISHING
Denires
CUBE
:
Reactive
Resin
With
Catalyst
Denires
CUBE-‐
NF
:
Non
Formaldehyde
Resin
Without
Catalyst
Denires
CUBE-‐ML
:
Self
–Cross
Linking
Denires
U-‐TEAR
:
Soft
PU
&
Acrylate
Denires
U-‐HRD
:
Hard
Acrylate
Denires
TRITON
:
Wrinkle
Resistant
Agent
Denires
CUBE-‐NC
:
Self
Cross-‐Linking
(
Catalyst
-‐Free
)
Denifix
BOND-‐DR
:
Special
Fixing-‐agent
For
Getting
Dark
Cast
Indigo
Denicoat
1415
:
Polyurethane
Emulsion
For
Soft
Handle
Denicoat
1500
:
Polyurethane
Emulsion
For
Soft
Handle
Denicoat
CORE-‐TR
:
Polyurethane
Emulsion
For
Soft
Handle
Denicoat
1507
:
Polyurethane
Emulsion
For
Soft
Hand
And
Shinny
Effect
Denicoat
DERM
:
Polyethylene
Emulsion
Deniart
TRINITY
:
Special
product
for
brillant
effect
Denisoft
VIVID-‐U
:
Concentrated
Macro
Silicone
Emulsion
14. DB
DENIM B O O K
RECIPE
OF
THE
DENIRES
CUBE
1.
STANDARD
RESIN
APLICATION
200
gr
Denires
CUBE
100
gr
Denires
U-‐TEAR
700
gr
Water
Drying
at
100
°C
for
15
min.
Curing
at
155
°C
for
15
min.
2.
RESIN
APPLICATION
fOR
HIGH
3
D
200
gr
Denires
CUBE
100
gr
Denires
U-‐TEAR
20
gr
Denires
TRITON
680
gr
Water
Drying
at
100
°C
for
15
min.
Curing
at
155
°C
for
15
min.
3.
RESIN
APPLICATIONS
FOR
HIGH
STRENGTH
200
gr
Denires
CUBE
100
gr
Denires
U-‐TEAR
100
gr
Denires
DERM-‐H
600
gr
Water
Drying
at
100
°C
for
15
min.
Curing
at
155
°C
for
15
min.
15. DB
DENIM B O O K
4.
RESIN
APPLICATION
AT
LOW
TEMPERATURE
FOR
HIGH
STRENGTH
200
gr
Denires
CUBE
100
gr
Denirea
U-‐TEAR
20
gr
Denires
TRITON
10
gr
Denires
CUBE-‐ML
670
gr
Water
Drying
at
100
°C
for
15
min.
Curing
at
135
°C
for
15
min.
5.
RESIN
APPLICATION
FOR
ULTRA
GREY
CAST
200
gr
Denires
CUBE
100
gr
Denires
U-‐TEAR
100
gr
Denires
BOND-‐I
550
gr
Water
Drying
at
100
°C
for
15
min.
Curing
at
155
°C
for
15
min.
6.
RESIN
APPLICATIONS
FOR
EXTRA
BRIGHT
LOOK
200
gr
Denires
CUBE
150
gr
Denicoat
DERM-‐H
100
gr
Denisoft
VIVID
500
gr
Water
Drying
at
100
°C
for
15
min.
Curing
at
155
°C
for
15
min.
16. DB
DENIM B O O K
APPLICATIONS
TO
INCREASE
THE
STRENGTH
7.
STANDARD
APPLICATIONS
TO
INCREASE
THE
STRENGTH
5
gr/lt
Denicoat
DERM
Temperature:
35
–
40
°C
Time
:
15
-‐
20
min.
Drain
-‐
exctract
-‐
dry
Recipe
8
:For
extra
strength
increase
3
-‐
5
gr/lt
Denires
U-‐TEAR
3
-‐
5
gr/lt
Denicoat
DERM
temperature:
35
–
40
°C
Time
:
15
-‐
20
min
Drain
–
Exctract
-‐
Dry
9.
FOR
ALREADY
RESIN
APPLIED
WASHED
BUT
HAVING
STRENGTH
FAILURE
GARMENTS
Firstly
8
gr/lt
SODA
ASH
temperature
:
40-‐
45
°C
Time
:
5
min.
Drain
Rinsing
at
50
–
55
°C
for
2
min.
-‐
drain
Secodly
5
gr/lt
Denires
U-‐TEAR
5
gr/lt
Denicoat
DERM
temperature:
35
–
40
°C
Time
:
10
-‐
15
min.
Drain
-‐
Extract
-‐
Drying
17. DB
DENIM B O O K
FABRIC
PROPERTIES
Changes
in
fabric
properties
are
related
to
the
number
of
crosslinks
imparted
to
the
fiber.
Improvements
in
wrinkle
recovery
and
DP
ratings,
and
reduction
in
residual
shrinkage
are
proportional
to
the
number
of
crosslinks.
Losses
in
strength
and
abrasion
resistance
are
also
related
to
the
number
of
crosslinks
and
to
the
degree
of
cellulose
damage
by
the
acid
catalyst.
The
number
of
cross-‐links
is
influenced
by
the
add-‐on,
(the
amount
of
reagent
deposited
on
the
fabric)
and
the
degree
of
curing
(percentage
of
the
amount
applied
that
become
actual
cross-‐links).
The
degree
of
curing
is
influenced
by
the
chemical
structure
of
the
reagent,
the
type
of
catalyst,
the
ratio
of
catalyst
to
resin,
the
presence
of
buffers
and
the
time
and
temperature
of
cure.
A.
DURABLE
PRESS
PERFORMANCE
VERSUS
ADD-‐ON
The
most
obvious
way
to
increase
DP
performance
is
to
add
more
finish
to
the
fabric.
The
relationships
between
fabric
performance
and
add-‐on
of
DMDHEU
can
be
seen
in
figures
46.
Figure
46
shows
that
both
wet
and
dry
wrinkle
recovery
improvewith
increasing
concentration
of
reagent
in
the
bath.
Also
shown
is
the
relationship
between
DP
rating
(fabric
smoothness)
and
add-‐on.
18. DB
DENIM B O O K
1.
IMPORTANT
POINTS
There
is
a
sharp
increase
in
wrinkle
recovery
with
increasing
resin
level.
As
bath
concentration
approaches
7
%
DMDHEU
(15-‐20
%
commercial
product
in
bath),wrinkle
recovery
and
DP
Rating
begin
to
levels-‐off.
Above
this
level,
the
rate
of
improvement
is
less
rapid
and
only
modest
gains
are
obtained
with
massive
amountsof
resin.
Rela:onship
of
DP
Performance
versus
DMDHEU
Add-‐on
19. DB
DENIM B O O K
B.
EFFECTIVENESS
OF
DIFFERENT
CROSSLINKERS
How
many
cross-‐links
does
it
take
to
obtain
optimum
performance?
Are
some
cross-‐linkers
more
effective
than
others?
The
answer
to
these
questions
can
be
seen
in
figure
47.
Figure
47
is
a
composite
chart
where
wrinkle
recovery
is
plotted
against
the
concentration
(expressed
as
millimoles
of
reagent
per
100
grams
of
fabric)
of
a
number
of
different
reagents.
It
is
interesting
to
note
that
one
curve
fits
all
the
data
points.
Wrinkle
recover
levels-‐off
at
2
to
2.5
millimoles
of
reagent.
While
DMDHEU
was
not
included
in
figure
16,
6
to
7%
weight
add-‐on
calculates
to
be
2
to
2.5
millimoles
per
100
grams
of
fabric
and
so
it
too
follows
the
same
general
trends.
Crease
Recovery
versus
Resin
Concentra:on
20. DBDENIM B O O K
C.
TENSILE
TEAR
AND
ABRASION
RESISTANCE
Losses
in
tensile,
tear
and
abrasion
resistance
in
100%
cotton
are
directly
related
to
the
number
of
cross-‐links,
The
relationship
between
abrasion
resistance,tensile
and
tear
strength
versus
resin
add-‐on
is
seen
in
figure
48.
The
trends
established
in
these
curves
mirror
those
seen
in
figures
46
and
47,
except
these
are
going
the
opposite
direction.
The
steep
part
of
each
curve
appears
to
level
off
at
15
%
commercial
DMDHEU
(7
%
bath
solids)
in
the
bath.
Improved
DP
properties
also
tend
to
level
off
at
this
concentration.
Strength
and
abrasion
resistance
losses
will
amount
to
between
30
to
60
%
of
the
original
fabric
values
Physical
Proper:es
versus
Add-‐On
22. DB
DENIM B O O K
D.
Crease
Recovery
versus
Curing
Temperature
The
relationship
between
crease
recovery
and
temperature
of
cure
is
shown
in
figure
49.
The
temperature
required
to
obtain
cross-‐linking
is
very
much
a
function
of
the
reactant
structure.
The
reactant
structures
included
in
figure
18
fall
into
two
groups,
easy
to
cure
and
hard
to
cure.
U/F
and
DMEU
fall
into
the
easy
to
cure
category.
Curing
starts
as
soon
as
the
fabric
is
dry.
These
reagents
would
not
be
suitable
for
delay
cure
where
one
needs
the
resin
to
remain
unreacted
until
after
the
garment
is
made
and
pressed.
DMDHEU
and
carbamates
fall
in
the
hard
to
cure
category
where
curing
temperatures
must
exceed
1300
C.
DMDHEU
has
been
successfully
used
in
delay
cure
applications.
The
fabric
can
be
handled
on
commercial
ranges
where
nearly
all
of
the
resin
is
still
uncured
after
dryin
Crease
Recovery
versus
Temperature
of
Cure
and
Resin
23. DB
DENIM B O O K
E.
OTHER
FABRIC
PROPERTIES
1. SHRINKAGE
Much
of
a
fabric's
residual
shrinkage
is
the
result
of
tensions
applied
to
the
fabric
during
wet
processing.
Some
woven
fabrics
will
shrink
both
in
width
and
length
during
preparation
and
dyeing.
These
must
be
pulled
out
to
maintain
width
and
yardage
yields.
These
stresses
add
to
residual
shrinkage.
Knit
goods
are
inherently
wrinkle
resistant;
however,
some
are
pulled
out
to
a
width
wider
than
the
fabric's
knitted
gauge
and
this
too
adds
to
residual
shrinkage.
Much
of
the
stress
induced
shrinkage
can
be
eliminated
by
mechanically
compacting
the
fabric.
Compacting
will
result
in
reduced
yardage
yields.
Crosslinking
also
reduces
fabric
shrinkage.
For
this
reason,
chemical
stabilization
of
cellulosic
fabric
has
real
economic
value.
Without
resin
finishes,
the
fabrics
described
here
will
have
excessively
high
residual
shrinkage.
Fortunately,
a
good
resin
finish
will
stabilize
the
fabric
and
reduce
the
residual
shrinkage
to
less
than
2%.
The
degree
of
stabilization
required
by
chemical
finishes
will
depend
on
the
fabric's
previous
history.
In
some
cases,
much
more
finish
is
applied
than
one
would
reasonably
consider
simply
to
keep
residual
shrinkage
within
the
required
tolerances.
In
these
cases,
reduced
shrinkage
is
the
real
reason
for
DP
finishes
rather
than
wrinkle
resistance
or
no-‐iron
features.
2.
YELLOWING
Yellowing
of
DP
finished
fabrics
can
be
caused
by
a
number
of
condi:ons.
For
example,
excessive
curing
temperatures
and
/or
excessive
catalyst
will
scorch
cellulosic
fabrics.
Some
reactants
have
color
bodies
that
cause
yellowing.
Usually
nitrogenous
compounds
discolor
with
heat.
Buffers
are
oRen
added
to
commercial
finishes
to
combat
yellowing
problems.
24. DB
DENIM B O O K
3.
CHLORINE
RESISTANCE
The
term
chlorine
resistance
encompasses
two
problems,
yellowing
of
fabric
by
the
bleach
and
tendering
(strength
loss).
Nitrogenous
finishes
will
react
with
hypochlorite
bleaches
to
form
a
reaction
product
(chloramides)
that
decomposes
with
heat.
These
chloramides
liberate
hydrochloric
acid
which
degrade
cellulose.
Fabric
develops
the
characteristic
scorched
look
and
the
fibers
become
very
weak.
Residual
-‐NH
groups
are
responsible
for
the
formation
of
chloramides.
Resins
and
reactants
with
residual
-‐NH
groups
and
cross-‐links
that
hydrolyze
in
laundering
are
especially
prone
to
pick-‐up
chlorine
from
a
bleach
bath.
Both
tendering
and
scorching
are
caused
by
the
breakdown
of
the
chloramide
with
heat
to
form
hydrochloric
acid.
The
reactions
can
be
written
as
follows:
25. DB
DENIM BOOK
Head
Office
:
Kazimiye
Mah.
Karadeniz
Cad.
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Al:n
Evler
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/
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282
673
62
40
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282
673
59
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:
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Pakistan
:
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No:
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Coom
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:
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