1. MINERALIZED
TISSUES

4. MESENCHYME
FIBROBLAST SCLEROBLAST MYOBLAST
FIBROCYTE MYOCYTES
ODONTOBLAST CHONDROBLAST OSTEOBLAST
DENTIN CHONDROCYTES OSTEOCYTES
TEETH CARTILAGES BONE

5. ➲Osteology – study of structure, function and
composition of bones
Chondrology - study of structure, function and
composition of cartilges
Function Of Bones
 Support
 Protection
 Movement
 Mineral storage
 Hemopoeisis/hematopoiesis
 Leverage for locomotion

6. Gross Anatomy of Bones
I. Compact Bones
 Long Bones
Diaphysis
-tubular part
Epiphyses
-bone ends
Epiphyseal Plate

7. • Blood Vessel
-with nutrient arteries and veins
• Medullary cavity
-marrow cavity of bones
Membrane
Periosteum
-covers the entire outer surface of
each bone except in epiphyses
Endosteum
- innermost covering of bones

8. Chemical Composition of Bones
1. Organic components
 Collagen fibers
 CHON
 Polyssacharides
2. Inorganic components
 calcium phosphate
 calcium carbonate
 Hydroxypatite ions

9. Microscopic anatomy of bones

10. The haversian system

11. Bone Development
OSSIFICATION – process of bone
development
1. Intramembranous ossification
- direct bone development of membrane
bones
2.Endochondral ossification
- development of bones preceeded by
cartilages

12. Classification of Bones
1. Long Bones
Ex. femur, humerus
2. Short Bones
Ex. trapezoid
3. Flat Bones
Ex. Sternum, ribs
4. Irregular Bones
Ex. Hip bones, vertebrae

13. TYPES OF BONES :
(OSTEOGENESIS)
1. Compact Bone (Lamellar Bone)
- hard bone matrix – CaCO3,CaPO4,OH)
- long bones
2. Spongy Bone (Cancelous Bone)
- consist of bony trabecullae and bone marrow
- trabeculae – beams,bars,rods
- irregularly arranged lamellae without
haversian canals

14. BONE MARROW
 Occupies cavities between trabellae
 Yellow marrow – a reticulum of connective
tissue fibers that support blood vessels, nerve
fibers, adipose tissues
 Red Marrow – (Hemopoietic Bone)
- site of RBC and Some type of WBC
production
- ex. Flat bones

15. 3.ACELLAR BONES (ASPIDIN)
 Bones formed in scales of modern fishes
 No canaliculi
 Ex. Scales of fishes,cementum of teeth
4. MEMBRANE BONE
 formed by blastema (mesenchymal cells w/c differentiates into
tissues)
 Develop through ossification
 Bone deposited directly within the membranous blastema without
being preceeded by cartilages (intramembranous)
 May be compact or spongy,lamellar or non-lamellar, no haversian
canals
 Ex. Lower jaw, skull, pectoral girdles,dentin, dermal bones of
teleost,apodans

16. 5. Replacement Bones
 Arise from pre-existing cartilages
 Soft bones
 Endochondral ossification
 Ex. Fontannels, tetrapod bones with
cartilaginous diaphysis and 2 epiphysis,
epiphyseal plate

17. II. Cartilage
- specialized connective tissue in which fibers
are laid down along the lines of stress in long,
parallel arrays firm and flexible
chondrocytes - cartilage cells that live within
spaces (lacunae) within cartilage matrix
-CHONDRIFICATION – chondroblast-
chondrocytes
17

18. Cartilage
18

20. TYPES OF CARTILAGES
BASIS HYALINE ELASTIC FIBRO-
CARTILAGE
1.Matrix Fine collagenous Collagenous Dense
fibers ,elastic collagenous
fibers
2. Function Cover and Flexible Withstand
protect strength tension &
bones,support compression
3. Location Joints, Ears,nose, Vertebral
trachea,costal larynx,audi- discs,pubic
ribs tory canal sysmphysis

21. 4. THE CALCIFIED CARTILAGE
 The cartilages replaced by bones
 Ex. Jaw, fins of sharks, fontannels of the fetal
human skull

22. III. DENTIN
 Developed from the odontoblast
 Odontoblast are not trapped in lacunae during
osteogenesis – retreat as dentin deposits
 Canaliculi – dentibal tubules
 Ex. Enameloid of placoid scales, dentin of the
teeth

23. IV. ENAMEL
 Developed from ameloblasts
 Teeth – important for digestion

24. V. BONE REMODELING
PRESKELETAL MESENCHYMAL BLASTEMA
CARTILAGES
RESORPTION OF Ca Membrane Bone
Replacement Bones
CONTINUAL RESORPTION AND REMODELING

25. PARATHORMONE AND
CALCITONIN
 The hormones that influence or regulates the
withdrawal of calcium to maintain calcification
 OSTEOBLAST – developing bone cells
 OSTEOCLAST – bone destructing cells
 OSTEOCYTES – bone-building cells

26. VI. CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF
BONES
1. TENDON
3. LIGAMENTS
5. CARTILAGES

28. Phases of Healing of Fractures
 Hematoma Formation
 Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation
 Body Callus Formation
 Bone Remodeling

29. FRACTURE HEALING
HEMATOMA CARTILAGINOUS BONY REMODELING
NORMAL FORMATION CALLUS CALLUS
BONE & CARTILAGI-
NOUS
MEMBRANE

30. The Articular System
Joints/articulation
-places where the rigid elements of the skeleton
meet.
TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:
1. Synarthroses
-fixed or immovable joints
2. Amphiarthroses
-slightly movable joints
3. Diarthroses
-freely movable joints

31. TYPES OF JOINTS ACCORDING
TO STRUCTURE:
1. FIBROUS JOINTS
a. structures
-minimal connected tissue
b. syndesmoses
-connected by ligaments
c. gamphoses
-peg-in-socket joint

32. 2. CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
a. synchondrosis
-hyaline cartilage
b.symphyses
-fibrocartilage
3. SYNOVIAL JOINTS
-most movable joints of the body
-diarthoroses

33. Features of Synovial joints
1. Articular cartilage
2. Joint cavity/ synovial cavity
3. Articular Capsule
2 LAYERS:
a. fibrous capsule
-strengthens joint so that bones are not pulled apart
b. synovial membrane
-cover enternal joint surfaces
4. Synovial fluid
-a filtrate of blood which contains glycoproteins
5. Reinforgang ligaments
-thickened parts of fibrous capsule itself

34. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

35. Types of Synovial joints
1. Plane joints
-nonaxial joint
2. Hinge joints
-uniaxial joint(flexible)
3. Pivot joints
- rotatory, uniaxial joint
4. Condyloid joints
- biaxial joint
5. Ball and Socket joints
-multiaxial joint

39. HETEROTROPIC BONES
 OS CORDIS
 OS CLITORIDIS
 OS BACULUM
 ROSTRUM