The document discusses the phases of the moon. It explains that the moon does not produce its own light, but rather reflects light from the sun. As the moon orbits Earth, different portions are illuminated by the sun, appearing to change shape from our perspective on Earth. This cycle, where the illuminated portion appears to grow and then shrink over the course of around 29.5 days, is what causes the phases of the moon. The document then defines and provides images for each of the 8 main phases: new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent.

3. Earth and Moon Presented by Br. Hector Pinto INFANT JESUS SCHOOL, CHALLAKERE

6. The Copernican Model

9. Apollo 17 view of earth

19. What were the first living things?

31. Comparison between moon and earth

41. Apollo 16's Lunar Roving Vehicle parked at the side of the bowl-shaped, 40 metres wide, Plum crater

42. Mars in comparison with Earth Relatively small planet, half the size of the earth

45. Where does the moon get its light?

46. It actually gets its light from the sun. How Does it do that? Just like a mirror.

47. PHASES OF THE MOON

50. What causes the phases of the Moon?

52. The phases of the moon are caused by the relative positions of the earth, sun, and moon. The moon goes around the earth, on average, in 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes.

63. Oooh! Aaah!

64. New Moon

66. Waxing Crescent

68. First Quarter

70. Waxing Gibbous

72. Full Moon

75. Waning Gibbous

77. Last Quarter

79. Waning crescent

85. Phases of the Moon Remember the ‘right hand rule’ for orbits.

89. As the Moon Changes NSF North Mississippi GK-8

102. NSF North Mississippi GK-8

103. : Phases and Shadows Experiment

108. When the moon is seen from the Earth as a whole circle, it is called a FULL MOON.

118. When this photo was taken by the crew of Apollo 8, was the Moon waxing or waning as seen from Earth? North Pole

122. Moon's shadow on Earth taken by French cosmonaut Jean-Pierre Haigneré aboard the Mir

125. Lunar eclipse How Does the moon change its phase? Experiment

132. "Here lie the bodies of Ho and Hi, Whose fate, though sad, is risible; Being slain because they could not spy Th' eclipse which was invisible." Author unknown: Said to refer to the Chinese eclipse of 2136 BC or 2159 BC. "On the day of the new moon, in the month of Hiyar, the Sun was put to shame, and went down in the daytime, with Mars in attendance." One of the earliest written records of an eclipse of the Sun, on 3 May 1375 BC, found in the city of Ugarit in Mesopotamia.(Reprinted, from Chasing the Shadow , copyright 1994 by Joel K Harris and Richard L Talcott , by permission of Kalmbach Publishing Co. "If the Sun at its rising is like a crescent and wears a crown like the Moon: the king wll capture his enemy's land; evil will leave the land, and (the land) will experience good . . . " Refers to a solar eclipse of 27 May 669 BC. Rasil the older, Babylonian scribe to the king. Quoted in Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation , by F Richard Stephenson, Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 125. "Nothing can be surprising any more or impossible or miraculous, now that Zeus, father of the Olympians has made night out of noonday, hiding the bright sunlight, and . . . fear has come upon mankind. After this, men can believe anything, expect anything. Don't any of you be surprised in future if land beasts change places with dolphins and go to live in their salty pastures, and get to like the sounding waves of the sea more than the land, while the dolphins prefer the mountains." May refer to a total solar eclipse of 6 April 648 BC. Archilochus, Greek poet (c680-640 BC) Quoted in Historical Eclipses and Earth's Rotation , by F Richard Stephenson, Cambridge University Press, 1997, page 338. Partly quoted in Encyclopaedia Britannica CD 98 . ECLIPSE QUOTES

134. 1882 Transit (USNO)

135. Application to Exo Planet Studies HD 209458 (mv = +7.7) in Pegasus

136. When the moon is new or full, the gravitational forces of the sun and moon are pulling at the same side of the earth. (See the diagram below.) This occurrence creates the extra large "spring" tides. When the moon is at first and third quarter, the gravitational forces of the sun and moon are pulling at 90 degrees from each other. (see the diagram below.) This occurrence yeilds little net tides called neap tides.

137. More Fun Tidal Tales…. Every few years people that measure such things (chronologists?) need to add a leap second to the year. The Earth's rotation is decelerating at a rate of about 0.002 seconds per day per century. The Earth will eventually stop slowing down – when it’s rotation is equal to the moon’s orbital period !!! The Proxigean Tide occurs when the Moon is at its closest point in its orbit to the Earth and in its New or Full Moon phase. At this time, its tidal effect on the Earth is maximum. The times when this will happen often coincide with major coastal flooding events. Between 1997 and 2020 there will be 102 times when this will happen. The moon shows the same face to the Earth because it was deformed by Earth’s gravity when it was still molten. Earth uses this “memory” to grab the moon and slow its spin rate down. WHY ?

141. Answer: H The sun is the largest! Our sun is the only star in our solar system. The sun is also the largest heavenly body in our solar system.

143. EARTH MOVEMENTS INFANT JESUS SCHOOL <---

145. • Rotation:- earth rotates on its own axis from west to east. This movement is known as ROTATION • The earth takes 23 hours & 56 minutes & 4.09 seconds to complete one rotation. The average time required for the earth’s rotation from one sunrise to another sunrise is 24 hours. This period is known as a solar day.

146. Each team will need a scorekeeper ---> Effects of Rotation Life on earth is affected in many was as the earth spins on its own axis. Day & night are the result of the earth’s rotation. As the earth rotates on it’s axis only one half of the earth faces to sun at a given time. It is a day on the side of the earth which is turned towards the sun and receives light, & night for the other half of the earth which is away from the sun and is covered in darkness.

148. Midnight Noon Sunrise Sunset The Earth rotates towards the east (CCW) The Earth’s Rotation: Daily Motion

150. The Earth’s Revolution: Annual Motion Fall Stars Spring Stars Summer Stars Winter Stars

151. The reasons for seasons – the Earth travels around the sun, and its axis of rotation is tilted by 23.5 degrees to the plane of the orbit. In July, the northern hemisphere is getting more sunlight than in January. The heliocentric model

154. Sunlight and space travel

159. It takes 8 minutes for light to reach us from the Sun! Light travels 300 000 kilometres through space every second!

162. We can make shadows ! - by blocking out the light. Changing positions varies the size of the shadow. If you are close to the lamp, the shadow is large. If you are close to the screen, the shadow is smaller.

170. The Four Seasons INFANT JESUS SCHOOL Next Slide

172. True color images June December March September

175. Northern Hemisphere Summer More daylight hours, more direct sunlight INFANT JESUS HIGH SCHOOL, CHALLAKERE

177. Height of Sun Winter: The Sun rises in the southeast, stays low in the sky, and sets in the southwest. Spring: The Sun rises due east, moves higher in the sky than in winter, and sets due west. Summer: The Sun rises in the northeast, travels high (near zenith), and sets in the northwest. Fall: The Sun rises due east, travels to a medium-height in the sky, and sets due west.

178. Seasons higher=> more intense p. 21 fig 1-14 Solar efficient design

180. Sun lower in sky in winter Looking south Dec 21

191. Effects

194. sunlight sunlight Vernal Equinox – 21 March equator antarctic circle arctic circle tropic of Cancer tropic of Capricorn

197. p. 23

199. Let's play . . . Rotation OR Revolution JEOPARDY ! Rules --->

200. Each team will need a scorekeeper ---> RULES 1. Each team will get a turn. 2-3 teams . 2. Each question is worth 3 points . 3. If a team misses a question, they forfeit 1 point . 4. The QUESTION to each ANSWER is either rotation or revolution . 5. Each answer must be in the form of a QUESTION. 6. Applause = Correct Explosion = Incorrect

201. Round One 1. The Earth spinning on its axis. Rotation Revolution 2. Going around a larger body. Rotation Revolution Revolution 4. Causes the Earth’s seasons. Revolution Rotation 5. Creates a year. 3. 24 hours. Rotation Revolution Revolution Rotation 6. The moon going around Earth. Revolution Rotation Go on to Round Two --->

202. Round Two Identify the motion being shown in each of these pictures. Each team must write their answers for each figure in the form of a question. Earth Figure #1 Rotation Revolution Figure #2 Rotation Revolution Final Round ---> Planet

203. Each team must confer and write the amount of points they would like to risk on the Final Round - The topic is Seasons .

204. X CLICK HERE FOR A FINAL MESSAGE Which team had most points? You’re all WINNERS!!! SUN The Final Round Identify the Season being shown in this picture.---> Winter Fall Summer Spring Choose the correct tree-->

212. Polar ice caps= A Equator= C 0º latitude 90º latitude

216. When the moon is seen from the Earth as a whole circle, it is called a FULL MOON.

221. Unnderstanding Longitude & Latitude

222. LATITUDES & LONGITUDES

244. Positioning on the Earth’s Surface Latitude and Longitude together enable the fixing of position on the Earth’s surface. Equator Latitude 0 o Latitude: ( 90 o N to 90 o S) Latitude 23½ o North Tropic of Cancer Latitude 23½ o South Tropic of Capricorn Longitude 30 o East Longitude 60 o East Longitude 30 o West Longitude 60 o West East is the direction of rotation of the Earth North Pole South Pole 23½ o 23½ o 66½ o 90 o 90 0 21 st June 22 nd December 22 nd Sept 20 th March 30 o E 60 o E 90 o E 90 o W 30 o W 60 o W Longitude 90 o East Longitude 90 o West Prime Meridian 0 o Longitude Longitude: (180 o E to 180 o W)

246. Now you’re ready to find some locations on a map!

250. In Summary!