Rails Performance Tuning

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Burke Libbey

Rails Performance Tuning. Given at in August 2011.

Technology

Rails Performance
Tuning
Steven Soroka and Burke Libbey

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Overview

• Database performance problems
• (basic) Caching
• Application performance
• Helpful tools

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Database performance

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

The two big offenders

• n+1 queries
• missing indexes

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

n+1 queries

• Rails makes it easy to fall into this trap.
• @users = User.where(...)
• @users.each { |u| u.posts.... }
• Use #includes to ﬁx

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Missing indexes

• Databases are not magic
• Rule of thumb: If you’re searching/sorting by
a column, index it.
• This includes (especially!) foreign keys
• Cardinality

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Other database tweaks
• composite indexes
• primary key range instead of limit/offset
• explain & force index
• avoiding subselects
• carefully sizing columns
• using NOT NULL / :null => false
• INSERT faster than UPDATE
Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Also Handy:

• IdentityMap (Rails 3.1)
• conﬁg.active_record.identity_map = true
• IdentityMap is disabled by default and still in
development
• use with care

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Caching

• memoization
• fragment caching
• action caching
• page caching
• others...

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Memoization

• For expensive method calls with a ﬁnite set
of return values
• ActiveSupport::Memoizable is deprecated. :(

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Fragment Caching
• http://guides.rubyonrails.org/
caching_with_rails.html
• conﬁg.action_controller.perform_caching =
true
• <% cache ‘slow_view’ do %> ... <% end %>
• expire_fragment('slow_view')

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Application Performance

• Object allocations
• Tuning the GC
• Background jobs
• Avoid disk access at all costs
• Don’t be stupid

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Don’t be Stupid

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Object Allocations

• Ruby’s Garbage Collector is BAD.
• Don’t create objects you don’t need
• Reuse objects to save mem alloc?

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Tuning the GC

• Use REE.
• Use these settings:
• https://gist.github.com/841168
RUBY_HEAP_MIN_SLOTS=500000
RUBY_HEAP_SLOTS_INCREMENT=250000
RUBY_HEAP_SLOTS_GROWTH_FACTOR=1
RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT=50000000

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Avoid Disk Access

L1 Cache 3
L2 14
RAM 250
Disk 41,000,000
Network 240,000,000

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Background Jobs

• Delayed::Job (db-driven, slowish)
• Resque (Redis-driven, fast)

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Tools

• rack-bug
• rack-perftools
• NewRelic RPM
• ...and many more: lsof, tcpdump, strace, ltrace, rbtrace,
perftools, perftools.rb, gdb, gdb.rb, memprof, memprof.com, hotspots..

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Rack::Bug
• Handy toolbar for devmode
• https://github.com/brynary/rack-bug

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

Rack::Perftools

• Demo!

Wednesday, 23 November, 11

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Rails Performance Tuning

1. Rails Performance Tuning Steven Soroka and Burke Libbey Wednesday, 23 November, 11

2. Overview • Database performance problems • (basic) Caching • Application performance • Helpful tools Wednesday, 23 November, 11

3. Database performance Wednesday, 23 November, 11

4. The two big offenders • n+1 queries • missing indexes Wednesday, 23 November, 11

5. n+1 queries • Rails makes it easy to fall into this trap. • @users = User.where(...) • @users.each { |u| u.posts.... } • Use #includes to ﬁx Wednesday, 23 November, 11

6. Missing indexes • Databases are not magic • Rule of thumb: If you’re searching/sorting by a column, index it. • This includes (especially!) foreign keys • Cardinality Wednesday, 23 November, 11

7. Other database tweaks • composite indexes • primary key range instead of limit/offset • explain & force index • avoiding subselects • carefully sizing columns • using NOT NULL / :null => false • INSERT faster than UPDATE Wednesday, 23 November, 11

8. Also Handy: • IdentityMap (Rails 3.1) • conﬁg.active_record.identity_map = true • IdentityMap is disabled by default and still in development • use with care Wednesday, 23 November, 11

9. Caching • memoization • fragment caching • action caching • page caching • others... Wednesday, 23 November, 11

10. Memoization • For expensive method calls with a ﬁnite set of return values • ActiveSupport::Memoizable is deprecated. :( Wednesday, 23 November, 11

11. Fragment Caching • http://guides.rubyonrails.org/ caching_with_rails.html • conﬁg.action_controller.perform_caching = true • <% cache ‘slow_view’ do %> ... <% end %> • expire_fragment('slow_view') Wednesday, 23 November, 11

12. Application Performance • Object allocations • Tuning the GC • Background jobs • Avoid disk access at all costs • Don’t be stupid Wednesday, 23 November, 11

13. Don’t be Stupid Wednesday, 23 November, 11

14. Object Allocations • Ruby’s Garbage Collector is BAD. • Don’t create objects you don’t need • Reuse objects to save mem alloc? Wednesday, 23 November, 11

15. Tuning the GC • Use REE. • Use these settings: • https://gist.github.com/841168 RUBY_HEAP_MIN_SLOTS=500000 RUBY_HEAP_SLOTS_INCREMENT=250000 RUBY_HEAP_SLOTS_GROWTH_FACTOR=1 RUBY_GC_MALLOC_LIMIT=50000000 Wednesday, 23 November, 11

16. Avoid Disk Access L1 Cache 3 L2 14 RAM 250 Disk 41,000,000 Network 240,000,000 Wednesday, 23 November, 11

17. Background Jobs • Delayed::Job (db-driven, slowish) • Resque (Redis-driven, fast) Wednesday, 23 November, 11

18. Tools • rack-bug • rack-perftools • NewRelic RPM • ...and many more: lsof, tcpdump, strace, ltrace, rbtrace, perftools, perftools.rb, gdb, gdb.rb, memprof, memprof.com, hotspots.. Wednesday, 23 November, 11

19. Rack::Bug • Handy toolbar for devmode • https://github.com/brynary/rack-bug Wednesday, 23 November, 11

20. Rack::Perftools • Demo! Wednesday, 23 November, 11

21. Questions? Wednesday, 23 November, 11

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