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Ramesh Raskar Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs (MERL), Cambridge, MA, USA New Directions in Augmented Reality
Parent Organization:  MELCO ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MERL ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
New Directions in Augmented Reality ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],www.raskar.com
Non-trivial AR ,[object Object],[object Object]
Spatially Augmented Reality  (SAR) HMD-VR Spatially Immersive-VR AR using HMD Spatially Augmented Reality e.g. CAVE Video or Optical see-through SAR, Shaderlamps
Classification of AR
Classification of AR Spatially Augmented Reality
Spatially Augmented Reality Raskar, vanBaar, Beardsley, Willwacher, Rao, Forlines ‘iLamps: Geometrically Aware and Self-Configurable Projectors’,  SIGGRAPH 2003
AR Issues ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Advantages of Projectors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Image can be larger than device Images can be superimposed and added Displayed images may be non-planar
Disadvantages ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Advantages of Spatial Augmentation (SAR) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classification of AR Spatially Augmented Reality ShaderLamps
Shader Lamps Motivation View-dependent Appearance
Shader Lamps Image based Illumination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Raskar, Welch, Low, Bandyopadhyay, “Shader Lamps: Animating Real Objects with Image Based Illumination,” Eurographics Rendering Worksop (EGRW 2001)
 
Changing Appearance Projector Projector Virtual light source
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object]
Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],Singing busts Madame Leota
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Challenges ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Steps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Steps ,[object Object],[object Object],Faro arm
Steps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Motivation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Projector Model ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Camera (and Projector) anatomy Camera center Image plane Principal point Principal axis
Steps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Changing Appearance Projector Projector Virtual light source
Steps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Radiance Adjustment Virtual L(x,  ) =     F(x,   ,   i ) L i   (x,   i ) d  i I d Desired radiance BRDF Incident radiance
Radiance Adjustment k(x) cos(  p  )  d(x) 2 Real L(x,  ) =     F(x,   ,   i ) L i   (x,   i ) d  i L’(x,  ) = I d I p  (x,   p ) Virtual Resultant radiance Pixel intensity
Radiance Adjustment d ( x ) 2 k ( x )  cos(   p  ) I p  (x,   p ) = I d ,  k ( x ) > 0 L ( x,   ) Virtual Real Intensity  correction Desired  radiance Pixel intensity Reflectance
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Intensity Correction Per-pixel factor x L'   P I P d Rendered Image d ( x ) 2 k ( x )  cos(   p  ) I p  (x,   p ) = L ( x,   )
Feathering in Overlap A B Projectors i d Traditional Solution A + B Projected Surface Weights A B
Feathering A B’ Projectors i d Traditional Solution A+B Projected Surface Weights B  A+B  A B
Feathering A B’ Projectors i d Traditional Solution A+B Projected Surface Weights A+B 
Occlusions A B Projectors h g d e f i A A B B B  A+B 
Occlusion Problems A B  Projectors h g d e f A+B  i Depth discontinuity A A B 
New Feathering A B Projectors h g d e f A+B  Overlap buffer 1 1 1 2 2 2 i Depth discontinuity Overlap 1 1 A A A A B B B  A+B  B 
New Feathering A B Projectors h g d e f A+B  A+B  Overlap buffer 1 1 1 2 2 2 i Depth discontinuity 1 1 A A A A B  B 
Virtual Illumination Shadows, Shading and Blending
Steps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Steps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Steps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Steps ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Moving Objects Moving Surface Moving Projector Moving Viewer
Apparent Motion Ramesh Raskar, Remo Ziegler, Thomas Willwacher, “Cartoon Dioramas in Motion,” Proc. ACM Symposium on Nonphotorealistic Animation and Rendering (NPAR 2002)
Virtual Motion
Applications Indoors, under controlled lighting ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ShaderLamps Virtual Reflectance Virtual Illumination Interaction Virtual Motion www.ShaderLamps.com
Projector-based Augmentation www.ShaderLamps.com Virtual Reflectance Virtual Illumination Interaction Virtual Motion
Desired Virtual Model © Andrei State Projected Guidance for Placement
 
Projector-based AR Bimber, O., Fröhlich, B., Schmalstieg, D., and Encarnação, L.M. ‘The Virtual Showcase’.  IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications , vol. 21, no.6, 2001.
Steerable Projector Pinhanez et al 2003
Projection Techniques ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Planar Homography Quadric image transfer Discretized Warping
Planar Multi-Projector Display [Raskar, Jeroen van Baar] 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 10 Seconds
Planar projective transfer  What is homography ? ,[object Object],Screen Camera 1 M i j Camera 2
Planar Homography (in 2D) ,[object Object],[object Object],a1 a2 a3 b1 b2 b3 c1 c2 c3 Proj 1 A 3 x 3 Proj 2 i j j x j y 1 j  =  A 3 x 3  i ~ = i x i y 1 k j x   =  ( a  •   i )   /  ( c  •   i ) j y   =  ( b  •   i )   /  ( c  •   i )
Planar projective transfer  (homography) ,[object Object],Screen Camera 1 M i j Camera 2 Defined by 4 or more corresponding pixels
Keystone Correction 1 . Compute screen to image homography 2 . Pre-warp input image Screen Projected   image R Raskar
Automatic Keystone Correction with Camera and Tilt Sensor 1 . Camera and tilt sensor to find projector pose 2 . Compute screen to image homography 3 . Pre-warp input image Screen Projected   image R Raskar [Raskar and Beardsley01]
Planar display surface Use homography ( A 3x3 ) User Single Projection Matrix ! V M i j A j  =  A   i i  =  P T  V ~ ~ P T j  =  [ A P T ]  V ~
Ad-hoc Planar Cluster (Video) Self-contained Units, No centralized control No markers or cameras in environment Beyond the range of single camera
Projection Techniques ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Planar Homography Quadric image transfer Discretized Warping
Quardic curved shape Displays Planetarium Sim/Viz Center Raskar, vanBaar, Willwacher, Rao ‘Quadric Transfer for Immersive Curved Displays’,  EuroGraphics 2004
Curved projective transfer   Quadric classification Projectively equivalent to  sphere: hyperboloid of two sheets paraboloid sphere ellipsoid Ruled quadrics: hyperboloids of one sheet Degenerate ruled quadrics: cone two planes
Parametric Image Transfer X i j Planar Homography Quadric Transfer X i j
Overlap on Quadric Screens
 
 
Vertex Shader for Quadric Transfer in Cg ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Head Tracked  Single Pass Rendering
Projection Techniques ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Planar Homography Quadric image transfer Discretized Warping
Non-planar Display Video
What image should be  projected ? Projector V : Virtual 3D Point M : Projected Point j User : T Screen ?
Step I :  Calculate ‘desired’ image User V: Virtual 3D Point M i Desired Image Screen Projector
Step II :  ‘Project’ the desired image from T Screen i Desired Image User M Projector
Step II :  Render this scenario from  P Screen V: Virtual 3D Point i j Projector Desired Image User Projected Image M
Result: Projecting a  pre-warped image, so it looks correct Screen V: Virtual 3D Point i j Projector Desired Image User Projected Image M
AR with location-aware RFID
Ramesh Raskar, Paul Beardsley, Jeroen van Baar, Yao Wang,  Paul Dietz, Johnny Lee, Darren Leigh, Thomas Willwacher   Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs (MERL),  Cambridge, MA R F I  G   Lamps  :  Interacting with a Self-describing World via Photosensing Wireless Tags and Projectors
Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID) microchip Antenna No batteries, Small size, Cost few cents
Warehousing Routing Library  Baggage  handling  Currency Livestock tracking
Conventional Passive RFID
Tagged Books in a Library ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prototype Tag RF tag  +  photosensor
Conventional RF tag Photo-sensing RF tag
 
Find tag location using   handheld Projector Photosensing  Wireless Tags Many geometric ops  R F I  R F I D Interactive stabilized projection  (Radio  Frequency  Id  &  Geometry ) G Siggraph 2004
AR with Photosensing RFID and Handheld Projector
RFID (Radio  Frequency  Identification) RFI G (Radio  Frequency  Id  and  Geometry )
Pattern MSB Pattern MSB-1 Pattern LSB Projected Sequential Frames ,[object Object],[object Object]
Pattern MSB Pattern MSB-1 Pattern LSB Projected Sequential Frames ,[object Object],[object Object]
Pattern MSB Pattern MSB-1 Pattern LSB Projected Sequential Frames ,[object Object],[object Object]
Pattern MSB Pattern MSB-1 Pattern LSB Projected Sequential Frames ,[object Object],[object Object]
Pattern MSB Pattern MSB-1 Pattern LSB Projected Sequential Frames ,[object Object],[object Object]
Pattern MSB Pattern MSB-1 Pattern LSB ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 1 1 0 0 X=12
Visual feedback of 2D position ,[object Object],[object Object]
Visual feedback of 2D position ,[object Object],[object Object]
3D from 2 Projector Views (Structure from Motion) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Change Detection  without fixed camera, in any lighting condition Compare with new coordinates from a different view   Record coordinates of tags from one view Before After
Finding Occlusions
Laser Guided Robot
Texture Adaptation
Desktop-like Interaction Selecting tags
Support for handheld projection
Mouse Simulation ,[object Object],[object Object]
Image Quasi-Stabilization Eliminate hand jitter using inertial sensors+camera
Absolute Stabilization Image stays registered with world features
Image Stabilization
Interactive Projection
Adaptive Projection ‘ Copy and Paste’ Geometric and Photometric compensation
Prototype Handheld Projector
Machine AR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Robot ‘Laser’ Guidance Picking and Sorting Tagged Objects
Acknowledgements ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
New Directions in Augmented Reality ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],www.raskar.com
Ramesh Raskar Mitsubishi Electric Research Labs (MERL), Cambridge, MA New Directions in Augmented Reality
Shader Lamps Motivation View-dependent Appearance
Shader Lamps Image based Illumination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Raskar, Welch, Low, Bandyopadhyay, “Shader Lamps: Animating Real Objects with Image Based Illumination,” Eurographics Rendering Worksop (EGRW 2001)
 
Virtual Motion
ShaderLamps Virtual Reflectance Virtual Illumination Interaction Virtual Motion www.ShaderLamps.com
Prototype Handheld Projector

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