4. Invaded by Celts (500
BC)
Invaded by Romans
(except Scots and Picts)
Weak Celts seek for
help
Germanic Tribes
JUTES ANGLOS SAXONS
Invaded
Britain
Advance in written
language
(runic inscriptions)
Consonant changes
/k/= /tʃ/ cild - child
/g/= /j/ gieldan –
yield
/sk/= /ʃ/ skall – shall
/f/= /v/ half - halves
A kind of
assimilation
Change in front
vowels towards
the end of a word
affects the vowel
of a preceding
syllable.
POE word Mann
(man) and the plural
Manniz > menniz >
menn (men).
5. Vikings and their
Influence on
English
History
.
1st Viking
attacks
800
A.D.
plundering
English
resistance
850 A.D.
Stealing
lands
More
serious
attacks
Bad
organized
Lack of
unity
Vikings
controlled large
part of England
875 A.D.
Strongest
saxon
kingdom
Wessex
King Alfred
The
Vikings
Leader
Guthrum
Treaty of
Wedmore
Vikings leave
Wessex alone and
accept Christianity
attacked consistedon
was
ledto
was
from
agreed
Danelawestablishing
Danesfrom a.k.a.
6. Norse
Scandinavi
an
a.k.a
Everyday
words
Provide
to
Englis
h
Nouns
bank, birth,
booth, egg,
husband,
law, leg,
root, score,
sister, skin,
trust, wing
and window
Adjectives
awkward, flat,
happy, ill,
loose, low,
odd, sly, ugly,
weak, and
wrong
Verbs
to cast, clip,
crawl, cut, die,
drown, gasp,
give, lift, nag,
scare, sprint,
take, want., and
the present
plural of ‘to be’,
are
Pronouns
both,
same,
they,
them
and their
DANES spoke
7. Jutes, Anglos and
Saxons were
Christianized
Adopt roman alphabet
and produce Christian
literature
Inflectional endings
signal grammatical
function of words
Word order is less
important
Grammatical cases:
nominative,
accusative, genitive
and dative.
Adjectives has
inflectional endings
and verb system too
Celtic: Place Names
(Thames, Kent, London,
York, Avon)
Latin: War (camp, streat,
mil)
Trade (ceap, pund, win)
Domestic Life (cuppe,
cycene, disc)
Food (ciese, buttere, pipor)
Religion (abbot, altar,
candle, demon)
Scandinavian: Words given
by vikings and Anglo-
Saxons.
8. Middle English Period
1100-1500
10,000 french words aprox.
Were included by the XIII
century
Norman French
Influences
Doom (OE)- Judgment
(F)
Hearty (OE) – Cordial
(F)
House (OE) – Mansion
(F)
Old- English words
suplanted
Prince, Duke,
Majesty, Punish,
Battle, soldier, crime,
prayer, prison, saint.
Norman French words borrowed belong to
the court, administration, law, army, Church.
etc
- The loss of
inflections
- Loss of gramatical
genders
- Loss of case
system
Less freedom in word
order
Greater use of
prepositions
Gramatical
Changes
The Norman invasion of
Englad in 1066 by the duke
of Normandy, William the
Conqueror
Begins with
