This document contains a summary about contrastive linguistics

2. Philology
Also known as or
Historical Linguistics, is
a branch of Linguistics
that studies language Sociolinguistics
Applied Linguistics (AL) change and language
It provides the theoretical relationship. It studies how dialects
and descriptive differ between groups
foundations for the separated by certain
investigation and solution social variables such as
of language-related ethnicity, religion,
problems, especially those
of language education.
status, gender, level of
LINGUISTICS BACK education, age, etc.,
GROUND
The word Linguistics was
used in the middle of the
19th century to emphasize Psycholinguistics
Socio-Ethnic Linguistics the difference between a
newer approach to the It is a discipline
It focuses on the functions concerned with
of language in our societies, study of language that and
especially characterized by the more traditional relations between
the deep differences of class, approach of Philology. messages and the
ethnicity, gender and characteristics of
generation . individuals who select
and interpret them.
Anthropological Computational
Linguistics Linguistics
It deals with the It is a branch of artificial
relationship between intelligence that deals with
language and culture and analyzing, understanding
has also been a major and generating the
concern among linguists, languages that humans use
especially anthropological naturally in order to
linguists. interface with computers

3. CONTRASTIVE
LINGUISTICS
THEORICAL
LINGUISTIC THEORICAL
COMPONENT CONTRASTIVE
(ACS) STUDIES (TCS)
It deals with a
Practical
universal category
consequences of
and the ways this
differences between
universal category is
contrasted languages.
realized in contrasted
languages.
It is a help for One of its problems
teaching purposes. is how to contrast
languages because
- Bilingual analysis or two objects may
translation. appear either similar
or different.

4. COMPARATIVE APPLIED
LINGUISTICS CONTRASTIVES
LINGUISTICS
Originally known as Certainly studies, analyzes and
Comparative Philology that is compares two or more languages
a branch of historical which is descriptively in order to fin out
concerned with comparing similarities and differences among
languages in order to stablish them during the language learning
their historical relatedness. process.
This may be known as
Comparative Diachronic
Linguistics

5. CL It proceeds level by Lexis Language,
Contrastive linguistics terms, expressions.
level and the traditional
syllabus three level of lexis provide Sound Utterances
ample scope. Syntax Grammar
rules, structure.
It sis the study of the ability
Contrastive of natural language
pragmatics speakers to communicate
more than what is stated.
Every difference or
similarity between two
The main technique is to or more related
Methodology of match up to languages by
languages should be
BASIS FOR contrastive linguistics using the contrastive
explicable in terms of
method.
TEACHING isolation or context
CONTRASTIVE analysis Pronunciation
According to Lado it is Intonation
important to study the Vocabulary
New trends micro linguistics and the Cohesion Stress
macro linguistics. Structure
Rhythm
Grammar
Junctures
Apple [æpəɫ]
It is a body of the test.
The role of corpora It recognizes and uses the Stressed Unestressed
IPA conventional register. Syllable Syllable
-Clear - Short
- Neat - Reduced
- Long

6. It is an arbitrary structured system of utterances sounds
gestures, signs and movements, written symbols,
morphemes words and sentences used for human
communication
1.- Mandarin
2.- Hindi
According to the statistics we can classify the languages 3.- English
most 5 important languages in the world.
4.- Arabic
5.- Spanish
The following information chart contains reference data
concerning the world areas, number of languages and speakers
throughout the world.
World Languages Speakers
Area Number Percent Percent
Asia 2,269 32.8% 61.0%
Africa 2,092 30.3% 11.8%
Pacific 1,310 19.0% 0.1%
Americas 1,002 14.5% 0.8%
Europe 239 3.5% 26.3%
Totals 6,912 100.0% 100.0%

7. Group of languages proto-
Language Family
language
A language as a whole from the
Individual language same family, eg. Portuguese.
Living languages
Extinct languages They are
extinct
Ancient
languages
A distinct language from
Historic languages any modern languages.
Constructed languages Identifiers-
artificial language.
VERBAL Dialect A variety of language
LANGUAGE Intelligibility Recognize the dialects
forms
Standard languages Dialect used in written
form
Nonstandard language It doesn’t follow the
standard rules
Idiolect Personal language
Jargon Used by people who work in a
particular area, eg, lawyers
Coloquialism Informal expression
Slang Informal language, rude

8. Written Permanent written
language symbols
Idiographic
written Ideograms : Chinese
language
Syllabic
writing Syllables – separate
language symbols: Japanese
NON Alphabetical Sound pronunciation-
writing
VERBAL language
letters:
Spanish, English, Italian.
LANGUAGE
Artulcated Phonetic spelling of
languagel phonetic alphabets
English Indo-European language
language
Spanish Romance branch
language

9. 1.- The same letter • Spanish: <cerda> [ˈserđa ] <casa> [ˈkasa ]
combination can • English:< letter> [ ˈlɛ:ɾɚ ] <tip> [ˈthɪpˉˡ]
refer to different • Italian: <Corpo> [ˈkɔɾpo] <monte> [ˈm nte]
sounds.
2.- The same sound • Spanish: <bosque> [ˈboske ] <vaso> [ˈbaso ]
can be written with
different letters or • English: <women> [ˈwɪmɪn] <busy > [ ˈbɪzɪ ]
letter combination. • Italian: <certo> ['ʧɛɾto] <male> ['maɫe]
3.- Different • Spanish: <ostia> España: ['oʃtja] Ecuador: ['ostja]
dialects pronounce
• English: <cosy> American E: [ˈkoƱzi] British E: [ˈkoƱsi]
the same word
differently. • Italian: <felice> Sicilia: [fe'liʧe] Toscana: [fi'liʧe]

10. CLUSTER
Vowel cluster Consonant cluster
This deals with the pronunciation It is a group or sequence of
that students give to synthetic words consonants that appear
containing orthographic vowel- together in a syllable without a
cluster and analyzes the observed vowel between them.
pronunciations .
Initial cluster Medial clusters
Final clusters
Initial two-consonant clusters Spanish and English might
may occur in both English and have from two up to four- Spanish has no clusters in final position
Spanish while three-consonant medial consonant clusters while English words containing from
clusters just take place in except English which may pile two up to four final consonant cluster
English. up to five-consonant clusters: - may perhaps occur: -VCC; -VCCC ; -
VCCCCCV-. VCCCC. Four final consonant cluster is
by and large the outcome of the plural
forms, third person singular or
possessive nouns in English.
Intrasyllabic medial cluster
When it belongs to the second of English: /nd/: <second>
Spanish: /pɾ/: <probar> the two syllable peaks between
English: /pɹ/: <pray> which they appear as medial /nst/: <against>
Italian: /pɾ/: <premere> /mpts/: <attempts>
Intersyllabic medial cluster
It is when one consonant of the
cluster belongs to the first syllable
and the other(s) to the second, so
syllable division occurs between the
members.
English: Intrasyllabic <address>
Intersyllabic: <improper>

11. It is the study of the system of
phonemes of a language.
• It studies the relevant, distinctive and
significant elements in a language
• Unit: Phoneme that is the smallest basic and
Phonemics theoretical unit of language.
/ˈkɹeyn/ ≠
/ˈgɹeyn/
• It is the study and description of
the speech sounds made by the
human voice.
Phonetics button
• Unit: An allophone is a real speech
variant of a specific phoneme [ˈbʌtn ]
which occurs under certain
circumstances.

12. Latin alphabet Arabic alphabet
The Latin alphabet, also called the Roman The Arabic Alphabet or Arabic abjad is the
alphabet, is the most widely used alphabetic script used for writing several languages of
writing system in the world today. Asia and Africa, such as Arabic and Urdu.
After the Latin alphabet is the second most
The ISO basic Latin alphabet widely used alphabet around the world.
A B C D E F G H I J K LM N O P Q R S TU V W X Y Z
a bc d e fg h ijk l m n o pq r s t u v w xy z
ALPHABET
A system of characters arranged in
a fixed conventional order
symbolizing sounds or letters used
in a writing system to represent
speech.
Cyrillic alphabet
Greek alphabet The Cyrillic alphabet is an alphabetic writing system
The Greek alphabet is a set of twenty four letters that has developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 10th
been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or century AD at the Preslav Literary School and is used in
early 8th cebtury BC. It is still used today. It is the first and various languages, past and present, of Eastern Europe
oldest alphabet in the narrow sense that it notes each and Asia, especially those of Slavic origin as well as non
vowel and consonant with a separate symbol. Slavic languages influenced by Russian.

13. Description
The general principle of the IPA is to
provide one letter for each distinctive
sound (speech segment).This means that
it does not use combinations of letters to
represent single sounds, the
way English does with ‹sh› and ‹ng›, or
single letters to represent multiple
sounds the way ‹x›
Linguists represents /ks/ or /ɡz/ in English. Symbols and sounds
Although IPA is popular for
transcription by linguists, it is also The International Phonetic Alphabet
common to use Americanist phonetic is based on the Latin alphabet, using
notation or IPA together with as few non-Latin forms as
some nonstandard symbols, for
reasons including reducing the error IPA possible.[5] The Association created
the IPA so that the sound values of
rate on reading handwritten most consonant letters taken from
transcriptions or avoiding perceived The International Phonetic the Latin alphabet would correspond
awkwardness of IPA in some Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic to "international usage“.
situations. system of phonetic notation based
primarily on the Latin alphabet.
The IPA is designed to represent only
those qualities of speech that are
distinctive in spoken
language: phonemes, intonation, and
the separation of words and syllables.
Usage
Although the IPA offers over a hundred and
sixty symbols for transcribing speech, only a Brackets and phonemes
relatively small subset of these will be used
to transcribe any one language. It is possible [square brackets] are used for phonetic
to transcribe speech with various levels of details of the pronunciation.
precision. A precise phonetic
/slashes/ are used to mark
transcription, in which sounds are described
in a great deal of detail, is known as a narrow off phonemes all of which are
distinctive in the language,.

14. TRANSCRIPTION
It is a system of notation that represents utterances or partial
utterrances of a language pronounced by people in general.
Some details might be ignored or included in the transcription.
Therefore, depending on the level of detail abstraction, the
hearing limits and IPA conventions, two kinds of transcription
appear: Phonemic or Broad Transcription and Phonetic or
Narrow Transcription.
Broad transcription
Narrow transcription
Also identified as PhonemicTranscription, it is
It is also named as Narrow Transcription. It is a
the notation that represents utterances of a
notation that represents variants of a specific
language by indicating only the significant
phoneme. It captures as many as possible details
and underlying sounds (phonemes) that make up
which are represented by the diacritics provided
a word. It ignores as many as possible details and
in the IPA.
captures .
[ ˈpha:ɹk ̚ ] [ˈga:ɹʔņ ]
/ˈpaɹk / /ˈgaɹdən /
[phɹɪˈtɛ:nd ] [ˈkhɔ:ɫ ]
/pɹɪˈtɛnd / /ˈkɔl /
STRESS
It is another important feature which is often represented in phonetic and phonemic
transcription. Every single word has a stressed syllable. The vowel sound of the stressed
syllable is often longer, louder and higher in pitch.
Currently, to show main stressed syllables a superscript accent mark is being placed before
the stressed syllable ( ˈ )

15. Marking stress in both monosyllabic and multisyllabic words is some didactic advice for students to be
able to use and pronounce properly the stressed syllables in words. This will help them distinguish the
part of speech the words belong to as well as recognize the phonemic and/or phonetic changes that
happen within the phonological group and that mostly implies changes in word meanings;e.g.
/ pɹəˈdʒɛkt /
/ˈfɪltər / / ˈblækˌbɔɹd / /ˈblækˌbɔɹd / / ˈpɹadʒɪkt /
Verb
Noun Noun Noun Noun
to stick out
an apparatus piece of work
beyond an edge
containing paper that needs skill,
tool used in Notice how or surface.
through which a effort, and
classroom to stress placement careful planning. Notice how
liquid can be
write on any alters word stress placement
passed to make
board which is meanings even alters the vowel
it clean.
black. though the part quality of the
Notice that of speech is kept. stressed syllable
stress goes on and
the first syllable. consequently the
word meaning
and part of
speech change

16. Stress It shows the following syllable is
ˈcar
mark stressed
Angle They are used to enclose the spelling of
< pretty >
brackets the orthographic notation.
Slant
/ ˈteyp / Phonemic transcription uses them.
brackets
Square [ ˈtheɪ̭p ̚ They are used around detailed phonetic
brackets ] transcription.
Vertical It shows a pause in
/ ˈyɛs hiyz ˈkəmɪŋ /
line phonetic transcription
Division It shows the boundaries between
·
marker syllables.
It shows the variation in the vowel or
Diacritics ~
consonant quality. Nasal or dark quality

17. The paired vocal folds are located in the
larynx, coursing from the thyroid cartilage
interiorly to the arytenoids cartilages.. The The vocal folds vibrate to create sounds for
lips form the oral cavity of the mouth and vowels and voiced consonants. The tongue is
are comprised of muscle fibers from a segmented in three sections: the tongue tip,
number of different facial muscles..The also known as apex, the blade, the tongue
larynx is the portion of the breathing, or back is that part lying below the soft palate.
respiratory, tract containing the vocal cords The uvula is that small piece of soft tissue
which produce vocal sound. It is located that can be seen dangling down from the soft
between the pharynx and the trachea. The palate over the back of the tongue.
larynx, also called the voice box, is a 2-inch-
long, tube-shaped organ in the neck.

18. Area
frontcentra back
l Mid VOWELS
Hig Tongue A vowel is a speech sound produced by human beings when
positio the breath flows out through mouth without being blocked
h by teeth, tongue or lips. Vowels are not formed by blocking
Lo n airflow; instead by passing air through different shapes of
spread neutral rounded
Vowel w the mouth and different positions of the tongue and lips.
The vocal folds are adducted and vibrating. That is why
grid every English and Spanish vowels sound is voiced.
Lip
shape DIPHTHONGS
When vowels occur in combinations, they are called
diphthongs. A diphthong starts in one position (nucleus)
and moves to another position (the glide) or viceversa.
Therefore, a diphthong is a speech sound which is usually
considered as one distinctive vowel sound of a particular
language but really involves two vowels, with one vowel
gliding to the other.
VOWEL PRODUCTION
Dimensions:
- Voicing: Every vowel sound is voiced.
- Vowel quality: Simple and Complex.
- Tongue position: High, middle and low.
- Area: Front, central , back.
- Muscle tension: Lax and Tense.
- Lips shape: Spread,, neutral and rounded.

19. ENGLISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT
SPANISH VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT
/ɪy/ voiced, complex, non adjacent- glide, high-
front, tense, spread.
/ɪ/ voiced, simple, high- front, lax, spread. /a/ voiced, simple, low- central, tense, neutral.
/ey/ voiced, complex, adjacent- glide, mid- front, tense, spread. /e/ voiced, simple, mid- front, tense, spread.
/ɛ/ voiced, simple, mid- front, lax, spread. /i/ voiced, simple, high- front, tense, spread.
/æ/ voiced, simple, low- front, lax, spread. /o/ voiced, simple, mid- back, tense, rounded.
/a/ voiced, simple, low- central, tense, neutral. /u/ voiced, simple, high- back, tense, rounded.
/ ə/ voiced, simple, mid- central, lax, tense.
/ɔ/ voiced, simple, low- back, tense, rounded.
/ow/ voiced, simple, adjacent- glide, mid- back, tense, rounded.
/Ʊ/ voiced, simple, high- back, lax, rounded.
/uw/ voiced, complex, non- adjacent- glide, high-
back, tense, rounded.

20. ITALIAN VOWEL PHONEME QUADRANT
/i/ voiced, simple, high- front, tense, spread.
/e/ voiced, simple, mid- front, tense, spread.
/ɛ/ voiced, simple, mid- low- front, lax, spread.
/a/ voiced, simple, low- central, tense, neutral.
/ɔ/ voiced, simple, mid- low-back, lax, rounded.
/o/ voiced, simple, mid- back, tense, rounded.
/u/ voiced, simple, high- back, tense, rounded.

21. Spanish /i/ English /iy/ English /ɪ/

22. SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH
/i/ / iy / /ɪ/
voiced, simple, high-front, tense, voiced, complex (adjacent glide), voiced, simple, high-front, lax,
spread high-front, tense, spread. spread.
[i] [ĩ] [ɪɪ̯: ] [ɪɪ̯ ] [ɪ:] [ɪ ]
voiced, simple, voiced, simple, voiced, complex voiced, complex voiced, simple, voiced, simple,
high-front, tense, high, front, (adjacent glide), (adjacent glide), high-front, lax, high-front, lax,
spread, tense,spread, high-front, tense, high-front, tense, spread, spread,
unlengthened nasalyzed. spread, spread, lengthened unlengthened
lengthened. unlengthened
[ˈ ]
mil [ˈ
mĩnĩmo] [ ˈm :ɫ ]
ɪɪ̭ [ˈ ʧ]
ɹɪɪ̭ ɪ:ɫ
[ ˈm ] ɹɪʧ]
[ˈ
SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH
/e/ / ey / /ɛ/
voiced, simple, mid-front, tense, spread voiced, complex (adjacent glide), voiced, simple, mid-front, lax,
mid-front, tense, spread. spread
[e] ] [ɛ] [ eɪ̯: ] [ eɪ̯ ] [ ɛ:] [ ɛ]
voiced, simple, voiced, voiced, simple, voiced, complex voiced, complex voiced, voiced,
mid-front, tense, simple, mid-front, (adjacent glide), (adjacent glide), simple, simple,
spread, mid-front, tense, spread, mid-front, mid-front, mid-front, mid-front,
unlengthened tense, open tense, tense, lax, lax,
spread, spread, spread, spread, spread,
nasal lengthened unlengthened. lengthened unlengthened.
[ˈ
neto] [ˈn] [ˈ
tɛxa ] [ˈ :n]
pleɪ̭ [ˈskḙt]
ɪ ɛ:d]
[ˈs [ˈ
sɛt]
SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH
/a/ /a/ /æ/
voiced, simple, low-central, voiced, simple, low-central, lax*, voiced, simple, low-front, lax,
tense, neutral. neutral. spread.
[a] [ã] [a:] [a] [ æ:] [æ]
voiced, simple, low- voiced, voiced, simple, voiced, simple, low- voiced, simple, voiced, simple, low-
central, tense, simple, low-central, lax, central, lax, neutral, low-front, lax, front, lax, spread,
neutral. low-central, neutral, unlengthened. spread, unlenghtened.
unlengthened tense, lengthened. lengthened
neutral,
nasal
[ˈpalma] [ˈmãno] ɹ]
[ˈfa: [ˈ
hat] [ˈbæ:d] [ˈ
hæt]

23. ENGLISH
/ə/
voiced, simple, mid-central, lax, neutral
ENGLISH
[ ʌ: ] <= vd.c [ ʌ ] <= vl.c [ə] [ɚ] [ɝ]
voiced, simple, mid- voiced, simple, mid- voiced, simple, mid- mid central mid central
central, lax, neutral, central, lax, neutral, central, lax, neutral unstressed stressed
lengthened. unlengthened.
:v
[ ˈl ] p
[ˈ ] [ˈs ɹənʤ]
ɪˈ [ˈdaɪ̯ˈɚ]
ɹ v [ˈ
bɝd]
SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH
/o/ /ɔ/ / ow /
voiced, simple, mid-back, tense, rounded voiced, simple, low-back, lax*, voiced, complex (adjacent
rounded. glide), mid-back, tense,
rounded
[o] [õ] [ ɔ] [ɔ: ] [ɔ ] [ oṷ:] [ oṷ ]
voiced, simple, voiced, voiced, voiced, simple, voiced, simple, low- voiced, complex voiced, complex
mid-back, tense, simple, mid- simple, mid- low-back, lax, back, lax, rounded, (adjacent glide), (adjacent glide),
rounded back, tense, back, tense, rounded, unlengthened. mid-back tense, mid-back , tense,
unlengthened rounded, nasal rounded, lengthened. rounded, rounded,
open lengthened. unlengthened
[ˈtomo] [ˈmõmja] ɔl]
[ˈs ɔ:ɫ]
[ˈf ɔk]
[ˈw [ˈ :n]
foṷ [ˈ θ]
boṷ
SPANISH/ ITALIAN ENGLISH
/u/ /ʊ/ / uw /
voiced, simple, high-back, tense, voiced, simple, high-back, lax, voiced, complex (adjacent glide),
rounded rounded high-back, tense, rounded.
[u] [ũ ] [ ʊ: ] [ʊ] [ uu̯:] [ uu̯ ]
voiced, simple, high- voiced, simple, voiced, simple, voiced, simple, high- voiced, complex voiced, complex
back, tense, rounded high-back, tense, high-back, lax, back, lax, rounded., (adjacent glide), (adjacent glide),
unlengthened rounded, nasal rounded, unlengthened. high-back, tense, high-back, tense,
lengthened. rounded, lenghtened. rounded,
unlengthened
ɾ
[ˈuna] [ˈ
pũnto] ʊ:d]
[ˈw ʊk]
[ˈt [ˈ :n]
suu̯ [ˈ p]
suu̯

25. ENGLISH SPANISH
DIPHTHONG DIPHTHONG
The basic rule of vowel combinations and
syllables is that two strong vowels cannot
A diphthong is a complex vowel, made of be in the same syllable, so that when two
two components; a diphthong begins as strong vowels are next to each other, they
one vowel and finishes as another. Usually, are considered to belong to separate
the two components can be referred to as a syllables, <ma•re•o> . But other
nucleus and an off-glide. combinations -such as a strong and a weak
vowel or two weak vowels are considered to
form a diphthong, <frio•len•to>

26. SPANISH, ENGLISH
/aw/
SPANISH, ENGLISH
/ay/
SPANISH, ENGLISH
/ɔy/- /oy/

27. /ya/
voiced, complex-
non adjacent glide,
high front
becoming low
central, tense,
spread becoming
neutral.
Spanish
rising
diphthongs
/ye/ /yo/
voiced, complex- voiced, complex-
adjacent glide, non adjacent
high front glide, high front
becoming low becoming mid
front, tense, back, tense,
spread. spread becoming
rounded.
/wa/
/wy/
voiced, complex-
voiced, complex-
non adjacent
non adjacent
glide, high back
/yw/ /we/ glide, high back
becoming low /wo/
voiced, complex- central, tense, voiced, complex- becoming high
front, tense, voiced, complex-
non adjacent rounded non adjacent
rounded adjacent
glide, high front becoming glide, high back
becoming mid becoming mid becoming spread. glide, high back
neutral. becoming mid
back, tense, sprea front, tense,
back, tense, roun
d becoming rounded
ded.
rounded. becoming spread.