2. Chapter Introduction Section 1 The Rise of African Civilizations Section 2 Africa’s Government and Religion Section 3 African Society and Culture Reading Review Chapter Assessment Medieval Africa Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

4. Medieval Africa

6. Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section explores how geography and trade influenced the development of kingdoms in western and eastern Africa. The Rise of African Civilizations

10. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Reading Strategy Summarizing Information Create diagrams like the one on page 444 of your textbook describing the accomplishments of each medieval African civilization. The Rise of African Civilizations

14. How did the deserts affect travel in Africa? The deserts were difficult to cross. People avoided the desert by traveling along the coastlines. The Rise of African Civilizations

21. Why was salt important to West Africans? Salt is needed to keep a body healthy, and the West Africans used it to salt their food and preserve it. The Rise of African Civilizations

24. What products did artisans of the rain forest empires make? Artisans made sculptures of carved metal, wood, and ivory. Weavers made cloth that looked like velvet. The Rise of African Civilizations

30. How were different religions introduced to Africa? The Queen of Saba visited Israel and brought its religion back. King Ezana brought Christianity to the people of Axum, and Arab Muslims brought Islam to East Africa. The Rise of African Civilizations

31. What items were traded in the kingdoms of West Africa? Salt and cloth from North Africa/Sahara were traded for gold and ivory from West Africa. The Rise of African Civilizations

32. Analyze What city-states grew as trading ports in East Africa, and why were they successful? Mogadishu, Mombasa, Zanzibar, and Kilwa grew as trading ports and became part of the Indian Ocean trading network. The Rise of African Civilizations

33. Compare and Contrast Which African kingdoms developed away from the coast? How did their economies compare to other African kingdoms? Ghana, Songhai, Benin, Kongo, Kush, and Great Zimbabwe developed away from the coast. Their economies were based on control of land trade routes, food surpluses, and goods from the interior of Africa. The Rise of African Civilizations

34. Explain how the Sahara was both a barrier to and a highway for trade. The Rise of African Civilizations

36. Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section explores the rise of centralized governments in African kingdoms and the variety of religions that influenced peoples throughout the continent. Africa’s Government and Religion

44. How was the line of succession different in Ghana from other states? In Ghana, the king was succeeded by his sister’s son, his nephew. In other places, the king’s son generally succeeded his father. Africa’s Government and Religion

46. Why was honoring their ancestors an important part of African traditional religions? Traditional African religions believed that a person’s spirit remained in the community after they died. They believed these spirits could help solve problems for the living and speak on their behalf to the gods. Africa’s Government and Religion

51. Why did Mansa Musa travel with a large caravan and riches to Makkah? Mansa Musa wanted everyone to know he was royalty, and he impressed the finest architects, teachers, and writers. These people returned to Mali with him to spread Islam. Africa’s Government and Religion

52. How did the kings of Ghana hold tightly to their power? insisted local rulers send their sons to royal court, traveled through kingdom, controlled trade Africa’s Government and Religion

53. They built mosques, set up Muslim libraries, and invited Muslim scholars to Mali. How did Mansa Musa attempt to strengthen Islam in Mali? Africa’s Government and Religion

54. Analyze How did having the central authority rest with a single person benefit the king, individuals, and the kingdom? How is this model of a government reflected in modern government? A king granted favors to his subjects, who paid taxes and were loyal to him. Answers may vary. Africa’s Government and Religion

55. Expository Writing Imagine you were a witness to Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Makkah. Write a newspaper article describing the pilgrimage. Answers may vary. Africa’s Government and Religion

56. Review the causes for the spread of Islam in Africa. Africa’s Government and Religion

58. African Society and Culture Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section explores the effects of the Bantu migrations and the start of the African slave trade, which carried Africans and their varied cultures around the world.

66. How did the Bantu affect African culture? The Bantu spread out and traveled slowly. They took their culture with them when they traveled, and others learned their ideas, such as ironworking and pottery making. They also spread their language, Swahili. African Society and Culture

70. Why did the Portuguese use enslaved Africans? Portuguese planters could not afford to pay people for the hard labor of harvesting sugar cane. However, they could afford to house and feed enslaved people. Many of those enslaved also knew how to farm and make tools. African Society and Culture

75. How is music in the United States influenced by African music? In the United States, jazz, blues, rap, and rock and roll are popular genres. Gospel music is also important in Christian religious services. African Society and Culture

76. What was the African Diaspora? The African Diaspora was the spreading of African peoples and cultures around the world. African Society and Culture

77. What is the earliest known form of African art? Describe some of the subjects portrayed in the art. The earliest form of art was cave paintings showing people hunting, doing chores, and dancing. African Society and Culture

78. Compare How were African art and religion related? Most artwork had some religious meaning or use or tried to capture some part of the spiritual world. African Society and Culture

79. Identify What was Queen Dahia al-Kahina’s greatest accomplishment? She led the fight against the Muslim invasion of her country. African Society and Culture

80. Infer Why do you think some Africans liked tales in which small animals outsmarted larger animals? Possible answer: because they saw parallels to their own lives and hoped to outwit those who held them in bondage. African Society and Culture

81. Persuasive Writing Portuguese plantation owners relied on slave labor to help them grow sugarcane. Suppose you had a family member who was enslaved on a plantation. Write a letter to the plantation owner explaining why this practice is unacceptable. Answers may include how hard this was on the family and how unjust it was to the enslaved person. African Society and Culture

82. List some of the things Africans shared despite their great diversity. African Society and Culture

92. Section 1 The Rise of African Civilizations What were the advantages of living in Africa’s rain forests? Rain forests blocked invaders and provided resources. Medieval Africa Review Main Ideas

93. Why were East African kingdoms and states important? They were part of the trade network that spanned the Indian Ocean. Medieval Africa Section 1 The Rise of African Civilizations Review Main Ideas

94. Section 2 Africa’s Government and Religion How were West African empires governed? They were governed by a king who had a strong army. Medieval Africa Review Main Ideas

95. Describe the religious beliefs of medieval Africans. Some people believed in traditional African religions and their gods. Others were followers of Christianity or Islam. Medieval Africa Section 2 Africa’s Government and Religion Review Main Ideas

96. Section 3 African Society and Culture What was the result of the Bantu migrations? They spread their skills, beliefs, and ideas across Africa. Medieval Africa Review Main Ideas

97. How did slavery in medieval Africa change? Instead of being enslaved to other tribes from whom they could gain freedom, Africans were enslaved to Europeans and sent across the ocean where there was no escape and their culture could be lost. Medieval Africa Section 3 African Society and Culture Review Main Ideas

98. Predict What do you think would have happened in Ghana if the people had been allowed to trade with gold nuggets instead of gold dust? The value of gold might have decreased. Medieval Africa

99. Explain What caused the decline of Ghana and Songhai? Ghana: discovery of new gold mines, over-farming, and constant fighting Songhai: advanced weapons of Moroccans Medieval Africa

100. Analyze Why do you think the Bantu language changed as people moved into different parts of Africa? The vastness of the land and different geography led the Bantu to divide into different groups that changed over time. Medieval Africa

102. Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Journey Across Time Web site. Click on Chapter 13-Chapter Overviews to preview information about this chapter. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://www.jat.glencoe.com

103. Map s Geography and Climate Zones in Africa Trade Routes of North Africa Trade in East Africa African Religions Today Bantu Migrations The Slave Trade c. 1450 –1800 Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Charts Comparing Africa to the U.S. African Trading Empires A.D. 100 – 1600

105. Click the map to view an interactive version.

109. Click the map to view an interactive version.

112. Africa contains one of the world’s largest areas of sand. This area covers about 2 million square miles of sand and contains the Kalahari Desert. Scientists flock to the Kalahari Desert because it contains plants that are important to research. The Rise of African Civilizations

113. Olaudah Equiano was born in what is now Nigeria. He was kidnapped when he was about 11 years old and sold into slavery. He was owned for a time by an officer in the Royal Navy, who took him to sea but also sent him to school in London where he learned to read and write. Equiano eventually bought his freedom. He worked for several years on ships, and was part of an expedition to the North Pole in 1773. He later moved to London, where he became involved in the abolition movement. In 1789, he published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa the African . Africa’s Government and Religion

114. Millions of enslaved people were shipped out of Africa over the centuries, and many were kept in Africa. Slavery still exists in parts of Africa today despite the United Nation’s ongoing attempts to abolish it. Africa’s Society and Culture

115. Making Comparisons Learn It! Reading Social Studies One way authors help you to understand information is by organizing material so that you can see how people, places, things, or events compare (are alike) or contrast (are different). Read the passage on the following slide.

116. — from page 463 Reading Social Studies Some groups, like the Nanti in East Africa, thought people could talk directly with their god. Others, like the Igbo, thought their creator could only be spoken to through less powerful gods and goddesses who worked for him. Even though Africans practiced their religion differently in different places, their beliefs served similar purposes. They provided rules for living and helped people stay in touch with their history. First, look at what is being compared or contrasted. In this case, it is the religions of two groups of people from Africa, highlighted in pink.

117. — from page 463 Reading Social Studies Some groups, like the Nanti in East Africa, thought people could talk directly with their god. Others, like the Igbo, thought their creator could only be spoken to through less powerful gods and goddesses who worked for him. Even though Africans practiced their religion differently in different places, their beliefs served similar purposes. They provided rules for living and helped people stay in touch with their history. The contrasts (differences) are highlighted in blue. The comparisons (similarities) are highlighted in green.

118. — from page 463 Reading Social Studies Some groups, like the Nanti in East Africa, thought people could talk directly with their god. Others, like the Igbo, thought their creator could only be spoken to through less powerful gods and goddesses who worked for him. Even though Africans practiced their religion differently in different places, their beliefs served similar purposes. They provided rules for living and helped people stay in touch with their history.

119. Create a Venn Diagram Practice It! A Venn diagram can help you to compare and contrast information. Differences are listed in the outside parts of each circle. Similarities are listed in the portion of the two circles that overlap. Read the paragraphs on page 443 of you textbook. Then create a Venn diagram to compare and contrast the roles of European and African women as stated in the paragraphs. Reading Social Studies

120. Medieval Africa Introduction

121. The Rise of African Civilizations

122. Africa’s Government and Religion

123. African Society and Culture

124. Primary Source Ghana Profits From Trade The Sultan of Mali Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

125. Ghana Profits From Trade

126. The Sultan of Mali

127. Focus on Everyday Life Salt mining began in the Sahara in the Middle Ages. Ancient miners worked underground and in sand dunes to extract solid blocks of salt. The salt trade became a successful business for the African people. In ancient times, salt was so desirable that it was traded ounce for ounce for gold. There are many salt deposits in western Africa because part of the desert was once a shallow sea made up of salt water. When the sea dried up, salt was left behind. People need a small amount of salt to stay healthy. It is lost when people and animals sweat, so people need some in their food. In ancient times, before refrigerators or canned foods were invented, salt was used to keep foods from going bad. It also was used to add flavor to food. Africa’s Salt Mines

128. Connecting to the Past As salty water dries, it leaves behind the salt in salt deposits. 1. How do salt deposits form? 2. Why do you think salt was so valuable that it was traded ounce for ounce for gold? It was needed to keep people healthy and to preserve and flavor food.

129. Focus on Everyday Life Kente is the name of a colorful woven cloth. Its name comes from a word that means “basket.” The first weavers were mostly men. They used fibers to make cloth that looked like the patterns in baskets. Strips were sewn together to make colorful patterns. Kente was worn by tribal chiefs and is still popular today. This African folktale about kente cloth has been handed down for generations: One day two friends walked through a rain forest and saw a spider creating designs in its web. They took the spider web to show their friends and family. They were greatly upset when the web fell apart in their hands. They returned the next day to watch and learn as the spider did a weaving dance and spun another web. The friends took their newfound skills to their looms and made colorful cloth they called kente . Kente Cloth

130. Connecting to the Past because it requires elaborate weaving like spider webs 1. Why does the legend suggest that Africans learned to weave kente cloth from a spider? 2. Why do you think the first kente cloth weavers were mostly men? Possible answers: Men wanted to do this important job or it was part of their culture to have men weave.

131. Ruled 1312–1337 Mansa Musa

132. Queen Nzinga c. 1582–1663

133. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 13–1 Chapter 13

134. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 13 – 2 Chapter 13

135. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 13 – 3 Chapter 13

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