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CHAPTER 4
THE CIVIL WAR
1861-1865
THE UNITED STATES IN 1840
Clipper

Packet

Whaler
Overseas trade
and immigration
were the focus of
maritime interests
in the 1840s.
The issue of
slavery was
not of prime
importance to
the average
American of the
early 1800s.
The majority of Southerners were small
farmers who could not afford slaves
and
most Northerners were small farmers or
tradesmen who had never come into
contact with any slaves.
Slave trade had been illegal since 1820.
Southern
economy
depended
on slavery
to be
profitable
while
Northern
economy
was based on
commerce
and industry.
Slavery

A Moral and
Commercial
Issue
Total Population 1850

By 1850 only about a third of the national
population lived in the South. Southern
politicians had become alarmed at the loss
of political power in the House of
Representatives.
Free States and Territories
Slave States
Territories Open to Slavery

The South pressed for admission of
the
new states as slave states so that their
political power base would remain
Closed to slavery by
Missouri Compromise
Open to slavery by
Missouri Compromise
Free states and
territories
Slave States

Missouri
Compromise of 1820

It stipulated that a balance between
slave
and free states had to be maintained as
Free state or territory
Slavery state or territory
Open to slavery by principle
of popular sovereignty.
Compromise of 1850
Open to slavery by principle
of popular sovereignty.
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

The Missouri Compromise of 1820
lasted until the Kansas-Nebraska Act
of 1854, which eliminated it and
made it possible for slavery to be introduced into any new
territory based on the decision of the residents.
SLAVERY DEBATES

Stephen Douglas

Abraham Lincoln

Slavery became a major political
West
Virginia
a
en
Sh

Harper’s Ferry

nd
h
oa

Virginia

ac
to m
Po

Maryland

The threat to stop the spread of slavery
intensified in 1859 when John Brown raided
the Federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia
(now West Virginia) and called for a general
insurrection of Southern slaves.
ARGUING ABOUT
SLAVERY

Extremists on
both sides
became willing
to go to war to
ensure that their
views prevailed.
Against this
backdrop of
tension the
presidential
election of 1860
took place.
Abraham
Lincoln

Stephen
Douglas

1860
Presidential
Candidates

John
Bell

John
Breckinridge
Election of 1860

Lincoln won the
election with just
40 percent of the
popular vote, and
no Southern
electoral votes.
VA

KY
TN

NC
SC

AL

GA

FL

December 1860
South Carolina Secedes
Fort Sumter, SC

Star of the West

In January 1861, the Star of the West
attempted to enter the harbor of
Charleston to resupply Union troops
at Fort Sumter. She was fired on, and
she retreated out of range.
Jefferson Davis
President of
Confederate
States of
America
Confederacy in
January 1861

TX

MS
LA

AL

GA

SC

FL
Southern officers had to choose
between loyalty to their country
and ties to their homes.
Robert E.

Matthew F. Maury
Most career enlisted sailors sided
with
the Union.
Southern militias
quickly took over
most forts in the
South.
Fort Sumter

The Civil War started
On 11 April 1861,
General
Beauregard
demanded that
Fort Sumter

Major Anderson
USA, garrison
commander,
refused.
Fort Sumter

April 12, 1861, first shots
On 15 April, President Lincoln called
for 75,000 volunteers for 3 months
to suppress the rebellion.
Fort Sumter’s fall
contributed to
additional states
joining each side
of the conflict.

TX

W VA
VA
TN
NC
AR
SC
AL
GA
MS
LA
FL
Population
In Uniform

North
22 Million
2.5 Million

South
9 Million
1 Million
North Advantages
Heavy Industry
Rail System
$331 Million in Exports

South Disadvantages
No Foundries or Metal Works
Transportation System
Only $31 Million in Exports
Naval Differences

Shipyards
Seaman
Navy

North
Yes
Adequate
Small

South
None
Few
None
The Confederacy had no navy at all
when the war began.
It tried to build naval ships and
armored
gunboats called ironclads for harbor
defense, and fought valiantly, but it
Ironclad
Covered or cased with iron plates,
as a ship for naval warfare; armorplated
A wooden warship of the middle
or late 19th century having iron or
steel armor plating
The South was dependent
on importation of food.
Because of the Union blockade, the
Confederacy was near starvation by
war’s end.
South’s Emotions and
Wishful Thinking

• Major war not expected
• North would quickly tire of casualties
and losses
• Unstable politics in the North
• Border states’ sympathies
THE BORDER STATES
MD
MO

KY

DE
The Border States
Maryland Delaware
Kentucky Missouri
While remaining in the Union, these
four states were at least partially
sympathetic to the Confederate
cause.
They supported both sides with
King Cotton
The South had no idea about the
economic demands of a modern
war.
The South believed that once the
Northern blockade cut off “King Cotton”
from British and French markets, it
would force these countries to help the
Southern cause for economic reasons.
Strengths of the South

• Officer corps
• Vast territory
• Loyalty to cause
Comparison of North and South in 1860
Category
Population
Wealth Produced
Farm Acreage
Value of Crops
Railroad Mileage
Factories
Iron Production
Bank Deposits

North

South

71%
75%
65%
70%
72%
85%
96%
81%

29%
25%
35%
30%
28%
15%
4%
19%
Jefferson Davis
• Authorized
privateering
• Declared
embargo
on
cotton
• Began a naval
blockade of all
Southern ports
from Virginia
Capes to Texas

Abraham
Blockade Runner
A ship or person that
passes
through a blockade
Blockaded ports by the
Davis’ Miscalculations

• British and French observed
blockade.
• Europeans had huge inventories of
cotton.
• Began with 3 ships in
home waters to patrol
3,550 miles

Gideon Welles
Secretary of the Navy

• By December 1861,
had 264 vessels and
adequate blockade
of all major cotton
ports
Entrance to
Mississippi River

Major Cotton Ports
Paddle Steamer

Naval Blockade
• Many types of
vessels were used
for the blockade.

Whaling Ship

Tugs

• The crews had
little or no training.
Blockade Expansion by End of 1862
• Blockade depended upon coal and other supplies.
• Union established bases in Confederate territory.
Florida’s poor inland transportation,
coupled with the Union blockade,
deprived the South of essential salt
for preservation of food.
Fort Pickens

Union supply bases
in the South were
significant factors
in the victory.
• Responsible for
improved naval
ordnance
• Developed larger
smooth-bore guns
Commander
John Dahlgren
END OF PART
ONE

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Civil war part one