Bioinformatics aims to understand disease processes by analyzing high-throughput experimental data like genomics and transcriptomics using computational methods. Systems biology views biological systems holistically rather than through reductionism. Personalized medicine is informed by understanding an individual's genome, transcriptome, epigenetics and miRNA expression. Deep sequencing is generating vast amounts of data but presents challenges for analysis that could amplify problems for personalized medicine.

1. Bioinformatics and Personalized Medicine Nicholas A. Shackel 1 A.W. Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre Royal Prince Alfred Hospital 2 Liver Laboratory, Centenary Institute Sydney, NSW, Australia 3 Medicine University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia.

4. Functional Genomics Cell Nucleus Chromosome Protein Graphics courtesy of the National Human Genome Research Institute Gene (DNA) Gene (mRNA), single strand

8. Gene Regulation and Expression Post Translational Mechanisms Alternate Splicing / ncRNA Epigenetic regulation

12. Understanding Disease

13. HCC Pathogenesis Saffroy (2007) Clin Chem Lab Med 45(9) : 1169

15. Gene Expression and Outcome in HCC Hoshida (2008) NEJM : 1

16. Chromosomal Aberrations Pie (2009) Acta Biochim Biophys Sin : 1

17. mRNA profiling of HCV-induced cirrhosis and HCC - Hierarchal Clustering HCC Cirrhotic (F4) Donor Cirrhotic G1 HCC G1 HCC G3 HCC G1 Cirrhotic G3 Cirrhotic G3 HCC G_ HCC G_+HBV HCC G3 HCC ALD HCC G3 HCC ALD HCC ALD HCC G3 Cirrhotic G1 Cirrhotic G1 HCC G1 Cirrhotic G3 Cirrhotic G3 HCC G4+HBV Cirrhotic G1 HCC G1 Cirrhotic G3 Cirrhotic G1 Cirrhotic G3 HCC G1 HCC G3 Cirrhotic ALD Cirrhotic ALD Cirrhotic ALD Cirrhotic ALD Cirrhotic ALD Donor D o nor Donor Donor Pearson ’ s Correlation

18. HCC Pathogenesis Aravalli (2008) Hepatology : 2049

19. MicroRNA Targets Chen WJG 2009 p1665 LIVER

20. miRNA Clinical Outcomes Junfang et al NEJM 2009 p1437

22. Personalised Medicine

27. IL-28B Ge et al Nature 2009 461, p1

28. IL-28B Ge et al Nature 2009 461, p1

29. New Technologies

30. Sequencing costs

33. Deep Sequencing Technologies