The document discusses agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation strategies. Some key points: 1) Agriculture accounts for 10-12% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, higher than transport, power, and industry. Developing countries contribute 74% of agricultural emissions, which are increasing. 2) Indirect emissions from land use change account for 17-18% of total greenhouse gas emissions, higher than all direct agricultural sources. 3) Studies estimate greenhouse gas emissions from various sources in different African countries, finding livestock and land use change are major contributors. 4) Potential mitigation strategies are identified, including improved grazing land and livestock management, soil carbon sequestration, and reducing burning of grazing

1. Mitigation Research Findings
National Policy Workshop, June 2011,

2. Agricultural GHG emissions (IPCC)
• 10–12% global anthropogenic GHG emissions,
6.8 Gt of CO2e
• HIGHER than transport, power and industrial
sectors
• 74% from developing countries (increasing)
Indirect
• Land use change 17- 18% - higher than all
direct agricultural sources

3. Africa’s Low Contribution to GHG Emissions
USA = 22 t
UK = 8.9 t
South Africa = 8.3 t
Libya = 8t
Gabon = 2.9 t Africa’s contribution to greenhouse
China = 2.8 tgases is insignificant, except for land
Zimbabwe = 2.6 tuse change
Nigeria = 1.6 t Agriculture: Highest emitters: South
Kenya = 0.3 tAsia, Southeast Asia and Latin
Tanzania = 0.2 tAmerica
Burkina Faso = 0.1 t
Source: Ange, FARA 2010, 1997
data

4. Emissions from land use change in Africa
• Most CO2 from land use changes
(17% of total GHG emissions) originates
from the tropics (8.5Gt CO2e/yr)
• Africa contributes 20%
• 50% of annual global carbon from
burning natural vegetation is from
Africa.
• Wind born dust (increased by
desertification and soil degradation) adds to
effect of warming.
Source: Ange, FARA 2010

5. Managing mitigation and food security
• Improve emissions
estimates & baselines
• Estimate mitigation
potential
• Management
implications
Winrock International:
Sandra Brown, Alex
Grais, Stephen
Ambagis, and Timothy
Pearson

6. Improved emissions calculations
• Remote sensing data for land area (2006)
• Activity data on GHG sources, e.g.,
livestock numbers, fertilizer
consumption
• Emission factors for GHG sources
• Combine activity data with emission factors
to produce estimates of GHG emissions for
agriculture

8. Total annual GHG emissions
1,000 t CO2e, from land-use change, livestock, nitrogen fertilizer consumption
and fires in grazing lands (Brown et al 2011)
Land-Use Nitrogen Grazing Area Tota
Region Country Livestock Total
Change Fertilizer Burned from N
East Africa Ethiopia 7,339 41,966 339 1,254 50,897 32,7
Kenya 1,812 11,988 323 232 14,356 12,0
Tanzania 1,833 13,935 42 1,736 17,546 28,0
Uganda 1,112 6,204 18 524 7,858 5,7
Subtotal 12,097 74,093 722 3,745 90,657 78,6
West Africa Burkina Faso 273 8,779 18 306 9,377 4,5
Ghana 1,664 1,865 55 491 4,076 4,6
Mali 440 9,270 64 241 10,015 7,0
Niger 31 10,405 14 9 10,460 6,2
Senegal 369 3,364 84 249 4,066 4,5
Subtotal 2,778 33,683 235 1,297 37,993 26,9
Grand Total 14,874 107,776 957 5,043 128,649 105,

9. Increases in cropland area
West Africa 2001-2006

10. Area of grazing lands burned 2001-
2007
Brown et
al, 2011
Burned area data from
http://bioval.jrc.ec.europa.eu/products/burnt_areas_L3JRC/GlobalBurnt
eas2000-2007.php

11. Reduce soil CO2 emissions?
Scenarios
• Severely degraded grazing lands ->
Improved management with medium or high inputs
2 to 6 tCO2e/ha/yr
• Rainfed cultivation with full tillage ->
Reduced tillage with different levels of nutrient inputs
0.5 to 5 tCO2e/ha/yr
• Reduced tillage rainfed cultivation ->
Native ecosystems 1.0 t CO2e/ha/yr to 4.1 t CO2e/ha/yr
• Combined mosaic vegetation (shifting cultivation) ->
Native ecosystems 1-8 tCO2e/ha/yr
if above ground biomass C included: or 5-13 tCO2e/ha/yr

12. Opportunities to reduce emissions or
increase sequestration in Mali
Management option Mitigation Potential Actions required
Livestock High Technical options?
Soil C sequestration Moderate Incentives? Monitoring?
Reduced burning Moderate Technical options?
Land rehabilitation Moderate Investment
Fertilizer Low Future efficiencies,
sustainable
intensification?

13. Questions
• Current soil carbon
stocks?
• Extent of degraded
lands?
• Effects of changing
management? Practicality? Incentives?
• Alternatives to burning and better controlling fire?

14. Improving measurement
• Reduce scale of analysis and focus on key
agricultural areas of each country
• Use higher resolution remote sensing data for
more accurate data on land cover/land use
and area burned
• Improve monitoring of activities:
– number of ruminant animals
– quantity of N fertilizer used
– carbon stocks of burned areas of grazing lands

15. Other research relevant to Mali
• Baseline emissions and scenarios–site level
• GHG quantification
- Simple and cost effective MRV
- Livestock system inventory methods
- Regional capacity building
• Incentives
- Costs, benefits and adoption barriers
- Delivery mechanisms

16. Other CCAFS research
• Improving carbon market benefits for
farmers – EcoAgriculture Partners+, E.
Africa + CCI
• Intensification of cocoa farming to
reduce deforestation ( IITA, Ghana)
•Role of agriculture in national REDD+
readiness proposals – Gabrielle Kissinger

17. Role of agriculture in REDD+
2011
Source:
Kissinger

18. Improving benefits from carbon
market projects involving farmer
7 projects In collaboration with Ecoagriculture, ICRAF:
• Cocoa Carbon Initiative, Ghana
• Vi Agroforestry, CARE, TIST, Kenya
•Humbo Reforestation Project, World Vision, Ethiopia
•Ecotrust, NFA, Uganda
Lessons
-Real benefits from yields, not payments ($2/yr)
- Need to decrease costs and risks
- Pre-existing institutions, upfront finance critical
-Monitoring livelihoods not a priority

20. Other research relevant to West
Africa Mali
• Role of agriculture in national REDD+
readiness proposals – Gabrielle Kissinger
• Improving carbon market benefits for
farmers – EcoAgriculture Partners+, Africa
• Intensification of cocoa farming to
reduce deforestation ( IITA, Ghana)

21. Mapped distribution of increases in
cropland area for East Africa 2001 - 2006
Brown et
al, 2011

22. Total annual GHG emissions
1,000 t CO2e, from land-use change, livestock, nitrogen fertilizer consumption
and fires in grazing lands (Brown et al 2011)
Land-Use Nitrogen Grazing Area Tota
Region Country Livestock Total
Change Fertilizer Burned from N
East Africa Ethiopia 7,339 41,966 339 1,254 50,897 32,7
Kenya 1,812 11,988 323 232 14,356 12,0
Tanzania 1,833 13,935 42 1,736 17,546 28,0
Uganda 1,112 6,204 18 524 7,858 5,7
Subtotal 12,097 74,093 722 3,745 90,657 78,6
West Africa Burkina Faso 273 8,779 18 306 9,377 4,5
Ghana 1,664 1,865 55 491 4,076 4,6
Mali 440 9,270 64 241 10,015 7,0
Niger 31 10,405 14 9 10,460 6,2
Senegal 369 3,364 84 249 4,066 4,5
Subtotal 2,778 33,683 235 1,297 37,993 26,9
Grand Total 14,874 107,776 957 5,043 128,649 105,

23. Total annual GHG emissions
1,000 t CO2e, from land-use change, livestock, nitrogen fertilizer consumption
and fires in grazing lands (Brown et al 2011)
Land-Use Nitrogen Grazing Area Tota
Region Country Livestock Total
Change Fertilizer Burned from N
East Africa Ethiopia 7,339 41,966 339 1,254 50,897 32,7
Kenya 1,812 11,988 323 232 14,356 12,0
Tanzania 1,833 13,935 42 1,736 17,546 28,0
Uganda 1,112 6,204 18 524 7,858 5,7
Subtotal 12,097 74,093 722 3,745 90,657 78,6
West Africa Burkina Faso 273 8,779 18 306 9,377 4,5
Ghana 1,664 1,865 55 491 4,076 4,6
Mali 440 9,270 64 241 10,015 7,0
Niger 31 10,405 14 9 10,460 6,2
Senegal 369 3,364 84 249 4,066 4,5
Subtotal 2,778 33,683 235 1,297 37,993 26,9
Grand Total 14,874 107,776 957 5,043 128,649 105,

24. Total annual GHG emissions
1,000 tCO2e from land-use change, livestock, nitrogen fertilizer consumption
and fires in grazing lands (Brown et al 2011)
Land-Use Nitrogen Grazing Area Tota
Region Country Livestock Total
Change Fertilizer Burned from N
East Africa Ethiopia 7,339 41,966 339 1,254 50,897 32,7
Kenya 1,812 11,988 323 232 14,356 12,0
Tanzania 1,833 13,935 42 1,736 17,546 28,0
Uganda 1,112 6,204 18 524 7,858 5,7
Subtotal 12,097 74,093 722 3,745 90,657 78,6
West Africa Burkina Faso 273 8,779 18 306 9,377 4,5
Ghana 1,664 1,865 55 491 4,076 4,6
Mali 440 9,270 64 241 10,015 7,0
Niger 31 10,405 14 9 10,460 6,2
Senegal 369 3,364 84 249 4,066 4,5
Subtotal 2,778 33,683 235 1,297 37,993 26,9
Grand Total 14,874 107,776 957 5,043 128,649 105,5

25. Mapping vulnerability to climate
change
Pa = pasture, Cr = irrigated cropping, Lg = length of growing period >= 60 days.

26. Evaluation of Forest Carbon
Partnership Facility R-PPs: Ghana
Is proposed REDD+ strategy adequate to affect agricultural
drivers
• Need more info: clearer after policy studies completed
• Mainstream REDD+ in new low carbon growth plan
• Reform tree tenure and benefit sharing for smallholders
• Promote cocoa compatible with REDD+, e.g. shade tolerant
spp.
Are there clear enough multisectoral links to affect agricultural
drivers?
• ENRAC and National Climate Change Committee well
positioned
• How will low carbon growth plan support coordination?
(spatial plans, legal tools) Kissinger 2011