1. American Colonial Empires
Portuguese and Spanish Empires

2. History of Portugal
• In 868, Count Vímara Peres reconquered and governed
the region between the rivers Minho and Douro. The
county was then known as Portucale (i.e., Portugal).
• Two million Portuguese people ruled a vast empire
with millions of inhabitants in the Americas, Africa, the
Middle East and Asia.
• From 1514, the Portuguese had reached China and
Japan.
• The empire spread throughout a vast number of
territories that are now part of 49 different sovereign
states.
• First global empire in history, longest-lived of modern
European colonial empires, from the capture of Ceuta
in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 spanned
nearly six centuries.
• Portugal's land-based boundaries ,notably stable in
history such as the border with Spain almost
unchanged since the 13th century.

3. The Portuguese Empire
• The Treaty of Windsor (1386) created an alliance
between Portugal and England that remains in
effect to this day.
• Henry the Navigator's exploration with some
technological developments in navigation
allowed Portugal's and led to advances in
geographic, mathematical, scientific knowledge
and technology, more specifically naval
technology.
• Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of
Africa in 1419, using recent developments in
navigation, cartography and maritime
technology such as the caravel, in order that
they might find a sea route to the source of the
lucrative spice trade.
• Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors
continued to explore the coasts and islands of
East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they
went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected
Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the
Middle East and Asia. This commercial network
brought great wealth to Portugal.

4. Portugal in the Period of the
Discoveries
• July 25, 1415 marked when the Portuguese Armada departed to the rich trade
Islamic centre of Ceuta in North Africa with King John I and his wife Phillipa of
Lancaster and their sons Prince Duarte (future king), Prince Pedro, Prince Henry
the Navigator (born in Porto in 1394) and Prince Afonso, and legendary Portuguese
hero Nuno Álvares Pereira.
• On August 21, 1415, Ceuta, the city on the coast of North Africa directly across
from Gibraltar, was conquered by Portugal, thus the beginning of the long-lived
Portuguese Empire.
• In 1484, Portugal officially rejected Christopher Columbuss western approach idea
of reaching India , it was seen unreasonable. Some historians have claimed that
the Portuguese already had performed accurate calculations concerning the size
of the world and therefore knew that sailing west to reach the Indies would be a
longer journey than navigating east.
• This created a long-lasting dispute which resulted in the signing of the Treaty of
Tordesillas with Spain in 1494. The treaty divided the (largely undiscovered) world
equally along a north-south meridian line 370 leagues (1770 km/1100 miles) west
of the Cape Verde islands, with all lands to the east belonging to Portugal and all
lands to the west to Spain.

5. Dutch in Portuguese India and Southeast Asia during the 17th century brought
an end to the Portuguese trade monopoly in the Indian Ocean.
Brazil became Portugal's most valuable colony until, as part of the
independent movements that swept the Americas in early 19th century, it
broke away in 1822.
Portugal's Empire was reduced to its colonies on the African coastline ,which
were expanded inland during the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century,
East Timor, and enclaves in India and Macau.

6. The Consolidation of the Monarchy in
Portugal
• Between 1580 and 1640 Portugal and Spain were in a union of the
two countries' crowns, depriving Portugal of a separate foreign
policy, and Spain's enemies became Portugal's. Portuguese colonies
became the subject of attacks by three rival European powers hostile
to Spain and envious of Iberian successes overseas: the Netherlands,
Britain and France.
• England's ally since the Treaty of Windsor in 1386. War between
Spain and England led to a deterioration of the relations with
Portugal's oldest ally, and the loss of Hormuz.
• From 1595 to 1663 Dutch-PortugueseWar led to invasions of asian
countries and commercial interests in Japan, Africa and South
America.1624 Dutch seized the capital of Brazil. The Treaty of 1654
returned Pernambuco to Portuguese control.

7. • Although Portugal had substantially
attained its independence in 1640,
the Spanish continued to try to
reassert their control for the next
twenty-eight years, only accepting
Portuguese independence in 1668.
• Portugal was unable to effectively
defend its overstretched network of
trading posts, and the empire began
a long and gradual decline.
• The new government immediately
changed policy and recognized the
independence of all its colonies,
except for Macau which was
returned to China in 1999, thereby
marking the end of the Portuguese
Empire.
• Currently, the Azores and Madeira
archipelagos are the only territories
overseas that remain politically
linked to Portugal.

8. Colonial Brazil
• Viceroyalty of Brazil with the Portuguese from 1500 until 1815,
when Brazil was elevated to kingdom alongside Portugal as the
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
• During over 300 years of Brazilian colonial history, exploration of
the territory was first on brazil wood extraction (16th century),
sugar production (16th–18th centuries), and on gold and diamond
mining (18th century). Slaves, Africa, provided most working force
for Brazilian economy.
• The Portuguese severely restricted colonial trade, Brazil was only
allowed to export sugar, tobacco, cotton and native products and
imported wine, olive oil, textiles and luxury goods from Portugal
and other Portuguese colonies– the latter imported by Portugal
from other European countries.

9. • In 1530, an expedition led by Martim Afonso de Sousa
arrived to patrol the entire coast, ban the French, and to
create the first colonial villages, like São Vicente, at the coast.
• Brazil was first fifteen private, hereditary captaincies.
Pernambuco succeeded by growing sugar cane. São Vicente
prospered by dealing in indigenous slaves.
• The other thirteen captaincies failed, the king made
colonization a royal effort rather than a private one.
• In 1549, Tomé de Sousa sailed to Brazil to establish a central
government. His first act was the foundation of the capital
city, Salvador da Bahia, in Northeastern Brazil, in today's state
of Bahia.
• De Sousa brought Jesuits, who set up missions, saved natives
from slavery, studied native languages, and converted natives
to Roman Catholicism. The Jesuits' work to pacify a hostile
tribe helped the Portuguese expel the French from a colony
they had established at present-day Rio de Janeiro.

10. The expeditions to inland Brazil were :
• The Entradas were done in the
name of the Portuguese crown
and were financed by the colonial
government. Its main objective
was to find mineral riches, as well
as to explore and chart unknown
territory.
• The Bandeiras, on the other hand,
were private initiatives sponsored
and carried out mostly by settlers
of the São Paulo region (the
Paulistas). The expeditions of the
Bandeirantes, as these
adventurers were called, were
aimed at obtaining native slaves
for trade and finding mineral
riches. The Paulistas, who at the
time were mostly of mixed
Portuguese and native ancestry,
knew all the old indigenous
pathways (the peabirus) through
the Brazilian inland and were
acclimated to the harsh conditions
of these journeys.

11. The Spanish Empire
• The Spanish Empire ,one of the largest empires in world history, was one of
the first modern global empires..
• Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were known los Reyes
Católicosas :the "Catholic Monarchs", by Pope Alexander VI.
• Married in 1469 in Valladolid, they united both crowns with a union in title
only, as each region retained its own political and judicial structure. Setting
the stage for the creation of the Kingdom of Spain, at the dawn of the modern
era. Still today Spain remains internally divided.
• The monarchs oversaw the final stages of the Reconquista of Iberian territory
from the Moors with the conquest of Granada, conquered the Canary Islands
and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain under the Alhambra decree,
though Muslim (Morisco) culture remained influential.
• They authorized the expedition of the first known European to reach the New
World since Leif Ericson, Christopher Columbus. This led to an influx of
wealth into Spain, supplementing income from within Castile for the state
that would prove to be a dominant power of Europe for the next two
centuries.

12. Reconquista
• Al-Andalus
• Caliph Al-Walid Ipaid great attention to the expansion of an
organized military, building the strongest navy in the
Umayyad Caliphate(second major Arab dynasty after
Mohammad and the first Arab dynasty of Al-Andalus) era. It
was this tactic that supported the ultimate expansion to
Spain.
• A decisive victory for the Christian kingdoms at Covadonga,
Asturias, Battle of Covadonga in the summer of 722.
• Muslims were stopped by a king, Pelagius of Asturias, who
started the monarchy of the Kingdom of Asturias. The
battle was one of the first stages of the Reconquista.

13. Reconquista
• As the Reconquista continued, small parts of the Iberian
Peninsula were captured from the Moors. These small parts
were formed into individual Christian kingdoms and
principalities.
• In the 15th century, the most important among all of the
separate kingdoms that made up the country of Spain were the
Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon.
• The rulers of these two kingdoms were allied with dynastic
families in Portugal, France, and other neighboring kingdoms.

14. Spanish Golden Age
• The Spanish Golden Age Spain's cultural golden age in
the 16th and 17th centuries was a period of flourishing
arts and letters in the Spanish Empire The arts during
the Golden Age flourished despite the decline of the
empire in the 17th century.
• Spain and Portugal were the European global
exploration and colonial expansion, the opening of
trade routes across the oceans, with trade flourishing
across the Atlantic between Spain and the Americas
and across the Pacific between East Asia and Mexico
via the Philippines.

15. Habsburg Spain
• Marriage politics of the Reyes Católicos, resulted in their Habsburg
grandson Charles inheriting the Castilian empire in America, the
Aragonese Empire in the Mediterranean (including a large portion of
modern Italy), the crown of the Holy Roman Empire, the Low
Countries, Franche-Comté, and Austria . This hereditary Habsburg
domain was almost immediately transferred to Ferdinand, the
Emperor's brother.
• Charles became the most powerful man in Europe, his rule over an
empire in Europe unrivalled until the Napoleonic era.
• This overseas empire of the Spanish Golden Age was controlled, not
from inland Valladolid, but from Seville.-
• The Habsburg dynasty spent the Castilian and American riches in
wars across Europe on behalf of Habsburg interests, defaulted and
bankrupt several times. Tensions between the Empire and the people
of Castile exploded in the popular rebellion of the Castilian War of
the Communities (1520–22).

16. • The Habsburgs' political goals were several:
• Access to the resources of the Americas, gold, silver,sugar and
products of Asia, porcelain, spices,silk. Undermining the power of
France and confining it in eastern borders.
• Maintaining Catholic Habsburg hegemony in Germany, defending
Catholisicm against the. However, Charles's piety could not stop his
mutinying troops from plundering the Holy See in the Sacco di
Roma.
• Defending Europe against Islam, notably the Ottoman Empire.
• To bring religion to the souls of the new world. With conflict
between Catholics and Protestants raging in Europe, the new world
was an ideal place for more Catholics to be recruited.

17. Damiana da cunha
catechist and sertanista
• 1820s
• Christianized style of caiapo life
• Woman
• Grandaughter of angrai-oxa ,teacher missionary mediator, frontiers woman and
expedition leader.

18. Damiana da Cunha
• Damiana da cunhas intelligence, piety and accuracy in the Portuguese language was quite
impressive to the foreign travelers of the 1820s . Childhood and adulthood was more enriched than
many for Damiana.
• Knowledge of different culture and language brought significant benefit. Authority among her
people and the ability to persuade .
• Raised in the caiapo culture of the aldeias, she was loyal neither to the culture of the capitol nor to
the culture of the caiapo in the backlands. Her commitment was to a Christianized style of caiapo
life that had been worked out over the years by the caiapo themselves in resistance to the
authoritarian and corrupt administrators.
• She wore herself out in the futile efforts to bring peace to the frontier, to preserve the aldeia way of
life, and to save her people from extinction by the settlers.
• Consistently throughout the period of her political influence she worked to encourage her people
to adapt to the settled way of life that provided them with access to he Christian faith, some
protection against extermination, and a few of the “amenities” life on the colonial frontier . While
she went through the extraordinary efforts to share this way of life with those who lived in the
forests, at the same time she resisted total assimilation to the ways of the outsider..

19. Catarina de monte sinay
• 1696
• Desterro convent of bahia in brazil
• Female
• Nun and Entrepreneur

20. Catarina de monte sinay
• -as a young woman from a good family , daughter of a
councilman,her life would fit the expected pattern : she would
marry or enter the convent,and the latter alternative had been
chosen for her.
• In a period of over half a century she had built up a working
capital of 4,402,000 reis- a considerable sum equal
approximately to half of the wealthy convents total annual
income.(far from the state of poverty she had vowed to accept.)
• First she earned a handsome income from money she lent as
loans. Catarina admitted that she had frequently let her
sentiments rather than her business sense guide her.
• She made money from selling a slave. Much of her money she
had lent came from her rentals of houses. She owned five
substantial residential buildings of whitewashed limestone.
• What had kept her the most occupied was her preparing and
selling of sweets. For this she retained 12 slaves .

21. Juan de Morga and Gertrudis de
Escobar –rebellious slaves 165
• Middle years of the 17th century
• Central Mexico
• Mulatto
• -Juan-male Gertrudis -female
• young mulatto slaves

22. • Juan born a slave in the city of oaxaca , son of European secular
priest and locally born slave woman.
Unlike other slaves of his day he learned to read write and work with
figures in at least a rudimentary way . And at the age of 23 he was
unmarried. After his first attempt at escaping to create his own life his
cycle of unfortunate events began. Enduring the grasp of one heathen ,
attempting to escape only to fall into the hand of a worse set of
punishing hands.
-Gertrudis de escobar born a free mulatta, had been put to work as a
small girl in the convents of mexico city. An unfortunate series of events
including her aunt selling her into slavery in 1659 at only fourteen to
work on a sugar plantation of zacatepec, was only the beginning . Her life
was a cycle of trying to escape and enduring punishment.
– These two individuals were rebels against their oppressive
circumstances which was directly linked to helping destroy the
restrictive colonial social order.

23. Beatriz de Padilla
:mistress and mother
• 1650
• Lagos, near
Guadalajara in western
New Spain.
• Mulatta ex slave,
Morisca
• Female

24. Beatriz de Padilla
:mistress and mother
• Born a slave she was granted freedom .
• The fact that the lovers Beatriz had were all important men
who were crazy about her, such as the commissioner of the
holy office and the lord mayor of Juchipila. This fact
produced enough enemies who's jealousy drove them to
conspire against her.
• She was arrested and removed to mexico city from her
position as housekeeper and mistress in service of don
Diego de las Marinas, the lord mayor of Juchipila. Accused
of being responsible for mysterious happenings in her
husbands lives.
• Never failing at representing herself to the fullest her
strengths helped her succeed in her life.

25. Miguel Hernandez
:master of mule trains 298
• sixteenth
century mexico
• Free mulatto
• male
• Self made
educated
community
figure

26. • Did work as a muleteer,
learned the complexities of
trade and developed personal
and financial associations with
people of wealth. His ability
to contract large debts
without being forced into
servitude is strong evidence
of the standing he achieved in
the community.
• He hauled goods, sold cloth,
and sold mules.
• He earned enough to buy
valuable property, a slave
which helped his status. Miguel Hernandez
:master of mule trains

27. Micaela Angela carillo
: widow and pulque dealer
• 1740-50s
• Nuestra senora
de asuncion
amozoque ,a
predominantly
indian village
• mestiza
• female

28. Micaela Angela Carillo • She married a cacique,Juan
tapia y Luna,this solidified
her ties to the hereditary
nobility of the town.
• Struggling after her
husband died, but very
successful making pulque
to support herself. Her
business became very
lucrative and her sense was
in the right place providing
much for her in her life as
well as her childrens
future. No obstacle was too
much for this level headed
powerful woman.