6. WORDS EXPRESSING RESULT So + adjetive/adverb + that + clause -He wassotired that he went to bed early. -The secretary types so quickly that she always has her work in time. -The film was so boringthatI went out before the end. -He spoke Russian sowell that everyone thought he was Russian.
7. Such + noun + that + clause -It’s such a cold day that I will stay in bed. -It wassuch a difficult exam (that)he knew he would not pass it. *Notice that can be left out in informal speech.
8. So + clause -Mrs. Deam was sleeping, so she did not hear the thief. -It was late so he decided to take a taxi home.
9. As a result, consequently, can begin a new sentence. And, as a result, is used in the middle of a sentence. Therefore often comes in the middle of a sentence (it can also come at the beginning or the end)
10. Examples: -His wife left him and, as a result, he became very depressed. -I studied a lot, as a result I got an excellent mark. -Zamorano trained hard for many years and, as a result, he became one of the best football players in Spain. -The food was bad, therefore, we did not eat it.
11. WORDS EXPRESSING REASON Since, as, seeing that + clause often come before the main clause -Since/Seeing that/Aswe arrived late, all the best seats had been taken.
12. Because + clause usually comes after the main clause -We could not find a good seat becauseall the best ones had been taken. -The translator came late because her car broke down.
13. Because of, as a result of, owing to and due to are followed by a noun or noun phrase. -We are unable to go by train because ofthe rail strike. -The Pope could not travel because ofthe bad weather. -Students have learnt a lot due tothis new project. -Many of the deaths of older people aredue toheart attacks.
14. WORDS EXPRESSING PURPOSE We can use infinitives to(do) in order (not) to (do), so as (not) to express purpose. -We came to the countryside to find some peace and quiet. -I went to the music shopto buy the last Eagles CD. -Be careful when handling a knife in order not toget injured. -Handle the flowers carefully in order not todamage them. Notice in order to, so as to are more informal
15. So that, in order that + clause (often with the verbs can, could, might, would in the clause) -I turned off the radioso thatI could hear my thoughts. -He chose this Universityso that /in order thathe could study English.
16. WORDS EXPRESING CONTRAST Although, even if, even though + clause can come before or after the main clause. -Although/Even if/Even though the car is old, it is still reliable. -AlthoughI’mnot used to interpret simultaneously, I did it quite well during my first day of work. Notice even though is more informal.
17. Despite, in spite of + a noun or noun phrase or -ing- form -In spite ofthe noise, the students could study for their test. -In spite of/Despitethe rain, I went for a walk.
18. Despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that + clause -In spite of the fact thatit was snowing, the festival took place as usual.
19. Howevercan come at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence. -Many people think that scientists are abusing of animals, however, the same people do nothing to stop the problem. -Buying a house is expensive. It is, however, a good investment.
20. But, while, whereas are usually placed in the middle of two main clauses expressing contrasting ideas. -John is very rich but/while/whereashis friends are extremely poor.
21. On the one hand and on the other hand can be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of two sentences expressing contrasting ideas. -On the one hand these computers are expensive. On the other hand they are exactly what we want. Notice on the other handis often used at the beginning of the second sentence.
22. WORDS EXPRESSING TIME When, while, as and after + clause can come before or after the main clause. -While/when/as I was driving along the road, I saw a terrible accident. Whenever, every time + clause often come before the main clause for added emphasis. -Whenever/Every time I see John, he´s driving a different car.
23. First, then, later, etc. can be used to introduce a chain of events. -First he closed all the windows, thenhe locked the doors.Later he came back to check that everything was all right. During, all through and throughoutare followed by a noun or a noun phrase. -During/All throughthe concert some people tried to get on the stage. -During/All throughthe summer we get a lot of visitors. -It rained heavily throughout the night.
24. WORDS EXPRESSING CONDITION Even if, as long as and unless + clause can be used before or after the main clause. -Even if you are born rich, life is still difficult. -You can borrow the car as long as you are careful with it! -You can´t come with me unless you promise to keep quiet. Notice unless means if...not
25. Whether + clause usually comes after the main clause and is often used in indirect questions with...or not. -I'm not sure whether Richie Shakira recorded a long play with Thaliaor not. -I do not know whether you have met him or not.
26. In case + clause usually comes after the main clause. -Take this umbrella in caseit rains. -In the building there is a box that says in case of fire, break the glass
27. WORDS EXPRESSING ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ORREINFORCIONG A POINT Besides, in addition(to that) and furthermore can be used at the beginning of the sentence following the first statement made. -I don´t really want to go out tonight.Besidesthere is a good film on TV. -Mrs. Smith is an intelligent and stimulating teacher, furthermoreshe takes an interest in the personal well- being of her students. Notice besides is less formal, furthermore is more formal.
28. Moreover can be used at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence which gives additional information -This theory about the origins of the Universe is new.It is moreover, extremely interesting. Not only ...but also / as well can link two sentences, phrases or words to give additional information. -The painting isnot onlyvaluable but alsoa work of art. -Shenot onlywrites novels but she lecturesas well. -The house was not onlylarge but it was alsomodern.
29. As well as can be folllowed by a single word, a phrase or -ing- form. -Pat speaks English fluently as well asGerman. -They robbed a bank as well aspost office. -As well asbeing sent to prison they were fined $2000.
