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Emblems of Authority:
The Modes in Italian Baroque Music
Rome, Theater of Marcellus (13 BCE)
Emblems of Authority:
The Modes in Italian Baroque Music
The Nicene Creed

Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem,
I believe in one God, the Father almighty,

factorem coeli et terrae,
maker of heaven and of earth,

visibilium omnium, et invisibilium.
and of all things visible and invisible.


—J. S. Bach, Messe in h moll (late 1740s)
—Guillaume de Machaut, Messe de Nostre Dame (early 1360s)
Antonio Vivaldi, Stabat Mater (1712)

Stabat Mater dolorosa iuxta crucem lacrimosa dum pendebat Filius
The grieving Mother stood weeping beside the cross where her Son was hanging

.
.
.

Quis non posset contristari Christi Matrem contemplari dolentum cum filio?
Who could not be sorrowful to behold the pious Mother grieving with her Son?
Camillo Angleria, La regola del contraponto e
della musical compositione (Milan, 1622):
Molti hanno scritto della formatione, &       Many have written about the formation and
cognitione de’ Tuoni, mà l’uno dall’altro     recognition of the modes, but there is confusion
confusamente; & per questo molti non          among them; and, because of this, many cannot
intendono di che Tuono sia una Cantilena in   perceive the mode of a composition when they
vederla, e manco in sentirla solamente.       see it, and much less when only hearing it.


Giovanni Maria Bononcini, Musico prattico
(Venice, 1673):
Il trattare de i Tuoni, ò Modi è materia assai  A discussion of the tones, or modes, is quite
difficile per la diversità dell’opinioni, tanto difficult because of the diversity of opinions, as
nel numero loro, quanto nel nome....            much about their number, as about their
                                                nomenclature.

Zaccaria Tevo, Il musico testore (Venice,
1706):
Arduo, e molto difficile è il trattato de Tuoni,   Treating the modes is arduous and very difficult
per le molte discrepanze, che si trovano tra li    because of the many discrepancies that one
Scrittori, così Antichi, come Moderni.             finds among writers, both ancient and modern.
Horace, Satirae I. I. 106-07:
Est modus in rebus sunt certi denique fines: There are certain limits, beyond which, on
Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum. either side, nothing right can exist.


Scipione Cerreto, Della prattica musica
vocale et strumentale (Naples, 1601):
Modo, altro non denota, che quella ragione,      Mode denotes nothing other than that reason—
cioè quella misura ò forma che adoperiamo        by which I mean that measure or form—which
nel fare alcuna cosa, che poi ne astringe à      we adopt in doing anything that constrains us
ragione.                                         toward reason.


Lorenzo Penna, Li primi albori musicali
(Bologna, 1672):
Senza la cognizione de’ Tuoni, procedereb-       Without knowledge of the modes, the contra-
be molto male il Contrapuntista e le sue         puntist would be deprived of true order and
Cantilene sarebbero prive del vero ordine, e     harmony. For this reason, since the ancient
dovuta Armonia, perciò dalli Autori Antichi      writers onward, the modes have been found, to
furon trovati li Tuoni, à Ciascheduno de’ qua-   each of which were assigned proper pitches
li assegnaranno le proprie Corde, e Cadenze.     and cadences.
Heinrich Glarean, Dodecachordon (Basle, 1547)
Heinrich Glarean, Dodecachordon (Basle, 1547)
Gioseffo Zarlino, Le istitutioni harmoniche (Venice, 1558)
Rocco Rodio, Regole di musica (Naples, 1609)
Camillo Angleria, La regola del contrapunto (Milan, 1622)
Silverio Picerli, Specchio secondo di musica (Naples, 1630)
Giovanni Maria Bononcini, Musico prattico (Bologna, 1673)
Zaccaria Tevo, Il musico testore (Venice, 1706)
F. A. Vallotti, Trattato dei tuoni, vol 2 (MS, 1735)
G. B. Martini, Storia della musica (Bologna, 1757)
Lorenzo Perti, Viglietto (1650s):
tutta la Cantilena, e fatta senza modo, senza       The whole piece is composed without mode,
raggione, poco leggiadra, meno elegante, orba       without reason, with little grace, less elegance,
delle leggi, e de precetti de gl’eccelenti Mae-     and is bereft of the laws and precepts of the
stri da qual non si deve partire per haver quelli   excellent masters from which one must not
finite, e limitate le buone Regole di questa        depart if one is to follow the aims and
mattematica scienza. Quali errori aspetti que-      objectives of the good rules of this
sto prima abboliti affatti mediante il sapere e     mathematical science.
le recondite regole, che V. S. à benefitio comu-
ne possiede.

Pierfrancesco Tosi, Opinioni de’ cantori
antichi, e moderni (Bologna, 1723):
se la Professione deve esistere, e finir col        If the profession is to continue, and end with the
Mondo, o voi stessi vi disingannerete, o lo         world, either you yourselves will see your
riformeranno i vostri Successori; Sapete come?      mistake, or your successors will reform it.
Esiliando gli abusi; e richiamando il primo, il     Would you know how? By banishing the
secondo, e il terzo Tuono per sollevare il quin-    abuses; and recalling the first, second, and
to, il sesto, e l'ottavo oppressi dalle fatiche:    third modes to relieve the fifth, sixth, and
Faranno risuscitare il quarto, e il settimo morti   eighth, which are quite oppressed by their
per voi, e sepolti in Chiesa.                       labors. They will then revive the fourth and the
                                                    seventh now dead to you, and buried in church.
Antonio Vivaldi, Juditha triumphans (1716)
Vagaus (aria):                Bagaos (aria):
Armatae face, et anguibus     Armed with your firebrands and serpents,
a caeco regno squallido       come forth from your dark, foul kingdom,
furoris sociae barbari        you cruel attendants.
furiae venite ad nos.         Furies, come to us!

Morte, flagello, stragibus,   In death, scourging, and slaughter,
vindictam tanti funeris       we will follow you:
irata nostra pectora          teach us, whose hearts are full of rage,
duces docete vos.             to avenge this murderous deed.

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Greg Barnett - Bellagio Presentation

  • 1. Emblems of Authority: The Modes in Italian Baroque Music
  • 2. Rome, Theater of Marcellus (13 BCE)
  • 3.
  • 4. Emblems of Authority: The Modes in Italian Baroque Music
  • 5. The Nicene Creed Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, I believe in one God, the Father almighty, factorem coeli et terrae, maker of heaven and of earth, visibilium omnium, et invisibilium. and of all things visible and invisible. —J. S. Bach, Messe in h moll (late 1740s) —Guillaume de Machaut, Messe de Nostre Dame (early 1360s)
  • 6. Antonio Vivaldi, Stabat Mater (1712) Stabat Mater dolorosa iuxta crucem lacrimosa dum pendebat Filius The grieving Mother stood weeping beside the cross where her Son was hanging . . . Quis non posset contristari Christi Matrem contemplari dolentum cum filio? Who could not be sorrowful to behold the pious Mother grieving with her Son?
  • 7. Camillo Angleria, La regola del contraponto e della musical compositione (Milan, 1622): Molti hanno scritto della formatione, & Many have written about the formation and cognitione de’ Tuoni, mà l’uno dall’altro recognition of the modes, but there is confusion confusamente; & per questo molti non among them; and, because of this, many cannot intendono di che Tuono sia una Cantilena in perceive the mode of a composition when they vederla, e manco in sentirla solamente. see it, and much less when only hearing it. Giovanni Maria Bononcini, Musico prattico (Venice, 1673): Il trattare de i Tuoni, ò Modi è materia assai A discussion of the tones, or modes, is quite difficile per la diversità dell’opinioni, tanto difficult because of the diversity of opinions, as nel numero loro, quanto nel nome.... much about their number, as about their nomenclature. Zaccaria Tevo, Il musico testore (Venice, 1706): Arduo, e molto difficile è il trattato de Tuoni, Treating the modes is arduous and very difficult per le molte discrepanze, che si trovano tra li because of the many discrepancies that one Scrittori, così Antichi, come Moderni. finds among writers, both ancient and modern.
  • 8. Horace, Satirae I. I. 106-07: Est modus in rebus sunt certi denique fines: There are certain limits, beyond which, on Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum. either side, nothing right can exist. Scipione Cerreto, Della prattica musica vocale et strumentale (Naples, 1601): Modo, altro non denota, che quella ragione, Mode denotes nothing other than that reason— cioè quella misura ò forma che adoperiamo by which I mean that measure or form—which nel fare alcuna cosa, che poi ne astringe à we adopt in doing anything that constrains us ragione. toward reason. Lorenzo Penna, Li primi albori musicali (Bologna, 1672): Senza la cognizione de’ Tuoni, procedereb- Without knowledge of the modes, the contra- be molto male il Contrapuntista e le sue puntist would be deprived of true order and Cantilene sarebbero prive del vero ordine, e harmony. For this reason, since the ancient dovuta Armonia, perciò dalli Autori Antichi writers onward, the modes have been found, to furon trovati li Tuoni, à Ciascheduno de’ qua- each of which were assigned proper pitches li assegnaranno le proprie Corde, e Cadenze. and cadences.
  • 11. Gioseffo Zarlino, Le istitutioni harmoniche (Venice, 1558)
  • 12. Rocco Rodio, Regole di musica (Naples, 1609)
  • 13. Camillo Angleria, La regola del contrapunto (Milan, 1622)
  • 14. Silverio Picerli, Specchio secondo di musica (Naples, 1630)
  • 15. Giovanni Maria Bononcini, Musico prattico (Bologna, 1673)
  • 16. Zaccaria Tevo, Il musico testore (Venice, 1706)
  • 17. F. A. Vallotti, Trattato dei tuoni, vol 2 (MS, 1735)
  • 18. G. B. Martini, Storia della musica (Bologna, 1757)
  • 19.
  • 20. Lorenzo Perti, Viglietto (1650s): tutta la Cantilena, e fatta senza modo, senza The whole piece is composed without mode, raggione, poco leggiadra, meno elegante, orba without reason, with little grace, less elegance, delle leggi, e de precetti de gl’eccelenti Mae- and is bereft of the laws and precepts of the stri da qual non si deve partire per haver quelli excellent masters from which one must not finite, e limitate le buone Regole di questa depart if one is to follow the aims and mattematica scienza. Quali errori aspetti que- objectives of the good rules of this sto prima abboliti affatti mediante il sapere e mathematical science. le recondite regole, che V. S. à benefitio comu- ne possiede. Pierfrancesco Tosi, Opinioni de’ cantori antichi, e moderni (Bologna, 1723): se la Professione deve esistere, e finir col If the profession is to continue, and end with the Mondo, o voi stessi vi disingannerete, o lo world, either you yourselves will see your riformeranno i vostri Successori; Sapete come? mistake, or your successors will reform it. Esiliando gli abusi; e richiamando il primo, il Would you know how? By banishing the secondo, e il terzo Tuono per sollevare il quin- abuses; and recalling the first, second, and to, il sesto, e l'ottavo oppressi dalle fatiche: third modes to relieve the fifth, sixth, and Faranno risuscitare il quarto, e il settimo morti eighth, which are quite oppressed by their per voi, e sepolti in Chiesa. labors. They will then revive the fourth and the seventh now dead to you, and buried in church.
  • 21. Antonio Vivaldi, Juditha triumphans (1716) Vagaus (aria): Bagaos (aria): Armatae face, et anguibus Armed with your firebrands and serpents, a caeco regno squallido come forth from your dark, foul kingdom, furoris sociae barbari you cruel attendants. furiae venite ad nos. Furies, come to us! Morte, flagello, stragibus, In death, scourging, and slaughter, vindictam tanti funeris we will follow you: irata nostra pectora teach us, whose hearts are full of rage, duces docete vos. to avenge this murderous deed.