Demonstrate knowledge of a particular body system. Describe the bodily components of the system; describe the pathology of the system; and teach word components and abbreviations.
preservation, maintanence and improvement of industrial organism.pptx
The Digestive System
1.
2. CHAPTER GOALS
• Name the organs of the digestive system and
describe their locations.
• Define combining forms for organs and know
the meaning of related terminology.
• Describe signs, symptoms and disease
conditions affecting the digestive system.
3. INGESTION AND DIGESTION
• Ingestion – food materials taken into the mouth
• Digestion – food is broken down, mechanically and
chemically, as it travels through the gastrointestinal
tract.
Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex nutrients.
Proteins → amino acids
Sugars → glucose
Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides
4. ABSORPTION
• Digested food passes into the bloodstream
through lining cells of the small intestine.
• Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.
• Cells burn nutrients to release the energy
stored in food.
5. ELIMINATION
• The body eliminates solid waste materials
that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
• The large intestine concentrates feces.
• The wastes pass out of the body through
the anus.
7. PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Signs and symptoms
• Anorexia – lack of appetite
• Ascites – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the
abdomen
• Borborygmus (plural: borborygmi) – rumbling or
gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid,
or both in the GI tract
• Constipation – difficulty in passing stools
• Diarrhea – frequent passage of loose, watery stools
8. PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing
• Eructation – gas expelled from the stomach through the
mouth
• Flatus – gas expelled through the anus
• Hematochezia – passage of fresh, bright red blood from the
rectum
• Jaundice (icterus) – yellow-orange coloration of the skin
and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in
the blood
9. PATHOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Melena – black, tarry stools; feces containing
digested blood
• Nausea – unpleasant sensation in the stomach
associated with a tendency to vomit
• Steatorrhea – fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling
fecal matter
15. PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS:
ORAL CAVITY AND TEETH
• Aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth with small, painful
ulcers
• Dental caries – tooth decay
• Herpetic stomatitis – inflammation of the mouth by infection with the
herpes virus
• Oral leukoplakia – white plaques or patches
• Periodontal disease – inflammation and degeneration of the gums,
teeth and surrounding bone
18. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS:
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Esophageal cancer – malignant tumor of the
esophagus
• Esophageal varices – swollen, varicose veins at
the lower end of the esophagus
• Gastric carcinoma – malignant tumor of the
stomach
19. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS:
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD) – solids
and fluids return to the
mouth from the stomach
Peptic ulcer – open sore
or lesion of the mucous
membrane of the stomach
or duodenum
25. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS:
LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
[Small and Large Intestines]
• Anal fistula – abnormal tube-like
passageway near the anus
• Colonic polyposis – polyps protrude
from the mucous membrane of the
colon
27. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS:
LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Crohn disease – chronic inflammation of the
intestinal tract
• Diverticulosis – abnormal side pockets
(outpouchings) in the intestinal wall
28. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS:
LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Dysentery – painful, inflamed intestines
• Hemorrhoids – swollen, twisted, varicose veins in
the rectal region
• Ileus – failure of peristalsis with resulting
obstruction of the intestines
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) – inflammation
of the colon and small intestine
29. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS:
LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
• Intussusception – telescoping of the intestines
• IBS – irritable bowel syndrome – group of
gastrointestinal symptoms associated with stress
and tension
• Ulcerative colitis – chronic inflammation of the
colon with the presence of ulcers
• Volvulus – twisting of the intestines on itself
30. QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which term is the first part of the large
intestine?
A. Cecum
B. Duodenum
C. Jejunum
D. Pylorus
33. LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS
Besides producing bile, the
liver:
• Helps maintain normal blood
glucose levels
• Manufactures blood proteins
necessary for clotting
• Releases bilirubin, a pigment in
bile
• Removes toxins and poisons from
the blood
35. PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS:
LIVER, GALLBLADDER & PANCREAS
• Cirrhosis – chronic degenerative disease of the
liver
• Pancreatic cancer – malignant tumor of the
pancreas
• Pancreatitis – inflammation of the pancreas
• Viral hepatitis – inflammation of the liver caused by
a virus
36. QUICK QUIZ
1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave
the body and remains in the bloodstream?
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Emulsification
C. Hyperbilirubinemia
D. Glycogenolysis
37. FOOD PATHWAY THROUGH THE GI TRACT
Food enters
through the oral
cavity and exits
through the
anus.
38. VOCABULARY
absorption
amino acids
amylase
anus
Passage of materials through the walls of the
small intestine into the bloodstream
Small building blocks of proteins; released
when proteins are digested
Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and
salivary glands to digest starch
Terminal end or opening of the digestive
tract to the outside of body
39. VOCABULARY
appendix
bile
bilirubin
bowel
Blind pouch hanging from the cecum
Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in
the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules;
composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and
bile salts
Pigment released by the liver in bile
Intestine
40. VOCABULARY
canine teeth
cecum
colon
common
bile duct
Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors;
also called cuspids or eyeteeth
First part of the large intestine
Consists of the ascending, transverse,
descending, and sigmoid segments
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder
to the duodenum; also called the
choledochus
43. VOCABULARY
enzyme
esophagus
fatty acids
feces
Chemical that speeds up reactions between
substances; enzyme names end in –ase
Tube connecting the throat to the stomach
Substances produced when fats are digested;
a category of lipids
Solid wastes; stool
45. VOCABULARY
ileum
incisor
insulin
jejunum
Third part of the small intestine
One of four front teeth in the dental arch
Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the
pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into
cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the
liver
Second part of the small intestine
46. VOCABULARY
• lipase
• liver
• lower esophageal
sphincter (LES)
Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats
Large organ located in the RUQ of the
abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar,
iron, and vitamins; produces blood
proteins; destroys worn-out RBCs; filters
out toxins; normal adult liver weighs
about 2 ½ to 3 pounds
Ring of muscles between the esophagus
and stomach; cardiac sphincter
49. VOCABULARY
portal vein
Protease
pulp
pyloric sphincter
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from
the intestines
Enzyme that digests protein
Soft tissue within a tooth, containing
nerves and blood vessels
Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach,
near the duodenum; opens when a wave
of peristalsis passes over it
50. VOCABULARY
pylorus
rectum
rugae
saliva
Distal region of the stomach, opening to the
duodenum
Last section of the large intestine, connecting the
end of the colon and the anus
Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the
stomach
Digestive juice produced by salivary glands;
contains the enzyme amylase
51. VOCABULARY
salivary glands
sigmoid colon
sphincter
stomach
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
glands
Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the
colon, just before the rectum; empties into
the rectum
Circular ring of muscle that constricts a
passage or closes a natural opening
Muscular organ that receives food from the
esophagus
52. VOCABULARY
triglycerides
uvula
villi (singular: villus)
Fat molecules composed of three parts
fatty acids and one part glycerol;
subgroup of lipids
Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the
soft palate
Microscopic projections in the wall of the
small intestine that absorb nutrients into
the bloodstream
53. TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING
FORMS
PARTS OF THE BODY
• an/o
• append/o, appendic/o
• bucc/o
• cec/o
• celi/o
• cheil/o
• cholecyst/o
• choledoch/o
anus
appendix
cheek
cecum
belly,abdomen
lip
gallbladder
common bile duct
Combining Form Meaning
54. TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING
FORMS
PARTS OF THE BODY (PT. 2)
• col/o colon
• colon/o colon
• dent/i tooth
• duoden/o duodenum
• enter/o intestines, usually small intestine
• esophag/o esophagus
• faci/o face
• gastr/o stomach
• gingiv/o gums
Combining Form Meaning
55. TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING
FORMS
PARTS OF THE BODY (PT. 3)
• gloss/o tongue
• hepat/o liver
• ile/o ileum
• jejun/o jejunum
• labi/o lip
• lapar/o abdomen
• lingu/o tongue
• mandibul/o lower jaw, mandible
• odont/o tooth
Combining Form Meaning
56. TERMINOLOGY – COMBINING
FORMS
PARTS OF THE BODY (PT. 4)
• or/o mouth
• palat/o palate
• pancreat/o pancreas
• peritone/o peritoneum
• pharyng/o throat
• proct/o anus and rectum
• pylor/o pyloric sphincter
• rect/o rectum
• sialaden/o salivary gland
Combining Form Meaning
64. CHAPTER GOALS
• Define new suffixes and use them with digestive
system combining forms.
• List and explain laboratory tests, clinical
procedures, and abbreviations common to the
digestive system.
• Apply your new knowledge to understanding
medical terms in their proper context, such as
medical reports and records.
67. QUICK QUIZ:
1. Which term means difficulty in swallowing?
A. Dysphasia
B. Dysphagia
C. Dysplasia
D. Polyphagia
68. QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which term means to control or stop
bleeding?
A. Hemostasis
B. Hematoma
C. Hemoptysis
D. Cholestasis
69. COMBINING FORMS
AND TERMINOLOGY
• bucc/o cheek
• cec/o cecum
• celi/o abdomen
• cheil/o lip
• chol/e gall, bile
• cholangi/o bile duct (vessel)
• cholecyst/o gallbladder
• choledoch/o common bile duct
Combining Form Meaning
70. COMBINING FORMS AND
TERMINOLOGY
• col/o colon
• colon/o colon
• dent/i tooth
• duoden/o duodenum
• enter/o intestines
• esophag/o esophagus
• gastr/o stomach
• gingiv/o gums
Combining Form Meaning
71. COMBINING FORMS AND
TERMINOLOGY
• gloss/o tongue
• gluc/o sugar
• glyc/o sugar
• hepat/o liver
• herni/o hernia
• ile/o ileum
• jejun/o jejunum
• labi/o lip
Combining Form Meaning
72. COMBINING FORMS AND
TERMINOLOGY
• lingu/o tongue
• lip/o fat
• lith/o stone
• odont/o tooth
• or/o mouth
• palat/o palate
• pancreat/o pancreas
Combining Form Meaning
73. COMBINING FORMS AND
TERMINOLOGY
• proct/o anus and rectum
• pylor/o pyloric sphincter
• rect/o rectum
• sialaden/o salivary gland
• splen/o spleen
• steat/o fat
• stomat/o mouth
Combining Form Meaning
74. QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which term means enlarged liver?
A. Acromegaly
B. Cardiomegaly
C. Hepatomegaly
D. Hepatitis
75. LABORATORY TESTS
Liver function tests (LFTs): tests for enzymes
and bilirubin in blood
Stool culture: test for microorganisms in stool
Stool guaiac test or Hemoccult test: test to
detect blood in feces
76. QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which of the following tests for the clear fluid that
remains after blood has clotted (serum)?
A. Stool guaiac
B. Hemoccult
C. Stool culture
D. LFTs
78. CLINICAL PROCEDURES
Ultrasound examination
• Abdominal
ultrasonography
• Endoscopic
ultrasonography (EUS)
Magnetic resonance techniques
• Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
Nuclear medicine test
• Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic
acid scan (HIDA scan)
79. MISCELLANEOUS PROCEDURES
Gastric bypass or bariatric surgery: reduces stomach
size
Gastrointestinal endoscopy: visual examination of the GI
tract
Laparoscopy: visual examination of the abdomen
Liver biopsy: removal of liver tissue for microscopic
examination
Nasogastric intubation: insertion of a tube through the
nose into the stomach
Paracentesis (abdominocentesis): puncture to remove
fluid from abdomen
80. QUICK QUIZ:
5. Which procedure is a surgical puncture to
remove fluid from the abdomen?
A. Laparoscopy
B. Laparotomy
C. Abdominectomy
D. Abdominocentesis
81. ABBREVIATIONS
• BRBPR
• EGD
• G tube
• GERD
• GI
• LAC
• NPO
Bright red blood per rectum
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Gastrostomy tube; PEG tube
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Gastrointestinal
Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy
Nothing by mouth