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The Federal Judiciary




    Dr. Christopher S. Rice
Judiciary Act of 1789
U.S. Supreme Court (1)


           Appellate Courts or
       U.S. Courts of Appeals (13)



Trial Courts or U.S. District Courts (94)
Jurisdiction
A court’s authority to hear cases of
         a particular type.
Trial (District) Courts
Original Jurisdiction
the authority to be the first court to
            hear a case.
Criminal Law
Deals with offenses against society
           as a whole.
Civil Law
Regulates obligations between
 individuals, individuals and
government, & individuals and
        corporations.
Appellate Courts
Appellate Jurisdiction
The power of a court to receive cases
 from trial courts for the purpose of
    reviewing whether the legal
 procedures were properly followed.
Appellate Courts vs. Trial Courts
   • Appellate courts do not hear new cases,
     just cases on appeal from federal trial
     courts.
   • Appeals are based on legal issues rather
     than questions of factual material.
   • Do not accept new evidence or hear
     additional witnesses.
   • Restrict their review to points of law
     under dispute.
Most appeals courts decisions are
            final.
Supreme Court
 of the United States
Congress and the Supreme Court
Precedent
A judicial decision that serves as a
rule for settling subsequent cases
        of a similar nature.
Stare Decisis
 Doctrine of closely following
precedent as the basis for legal
          reasoning.
“I’m going to take this
   all the way to the
   Supreme Court!”
Writ of Certiorari
  Order from the Court to lower
courts demanding that they send
 up a complete record of a case.
The “Rule of Four”
Oral Arguments
Amicus Curiae briefs
 “Friend of the Court”
Written Opinions
Majority Opinion
 (aka the “opinion of the court”)
Statement of the legal reasoning
that supports the decision of the
      majority of the court.
Concurring Opinion
Opinion of a justice or justices
   who support the majority
decision but have different legal
      reasons for doing so.
Dissenting Opinion
The reasoning of the minority,
  explaining their dissent.
Remanding to a
  lower court
Judicial Review
 the power of the Court to rule on
   the constitutionality of state,
federal laws and executive actions.
Marbury v. Madison
      (1803)

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The Federal Judiciary Structure and Jurisdiction