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Marxism
Dr. Christopher S. Rice
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
The Early Marx
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
Marx
Becomes A
Philosopher
2
effects of his career in
      Journalism
He came to appreciate the central
social and political importance of
         economics
He ceased to be a liberal
 and became a radical
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
The Economic and
   Philosophical
Manuscripts of 1844
Hegel and his
influence on Marxism
Hegel’s Philosophy
   of History
Geist
Alienation
(entfremdung)
Dialectic
 the process whereby opposite
    views or forces come into
    conflict, which eventually
   leads to the overcoming or
reconciliation of the opposition
    in a new and presumably
           higher form
THESIS
    +
ANTITHESIS
    =
SYNTHESIS
The Master-Slave Dialectic
The Master-Slave Dialectic
• The master becomes master by physically
  conquering another, whom he then
  enslaves.
The Master-Slave Dialectic
• The master becomes master by physically
  conquering another, whom he then
  enslaves.
• Seeing oneself through the eyes of the
  Other.
The Master-Slave Dialectic
• The master becomes master by physically
  conquering another, whom he then
  enslaves.
• Seeing oneself through the eyes of the
  Other.
• The master and slave are engaged in a
  symbiotic relationship.
The Master-Slave Dialectic
• The master becomes master by physically
  conquering another, whom he then
  enslaves.
• Seeing oneself through the eyes of the
  Other.
• The master and slave are engaged in a
  symbiotic relationship.
• The master and slave are engaged in a
  conflictual relationship.
The Master-Slave Dialectic
• The master becomes master by physically
  conquering another, whom he then
  enslaves.
• Seeing oneself through the eyes of the
  Other.
• The master and slave are engaged in a
  symbiotic relationship.
• The master and slave are engaged in a
  conflictual relationship.
• The true relationship revealed through
  resistance.
The Master-Slave Dialectic
• The master becomes master by physically
  conquering another, whom he then
  enslaves.
• Seeing oneself through the eyes of the
  Other.
• The master and slave are engaged in a
  symbiotic relationship.
• The master and slave are engaged in a
  conflictual relationship.
• The true relationship revealed through
  resistance.
• A Happy Conclusion…
History as the Story
of Human Labor and
     Struggle
“The history of all hitherto
existing society is the
history of class
struggles.”
Materialist
    vs.
 Idealist
Material Forces of
    Production
         +
Social Relations of
    Production
         =
Material Production
Material Forces of
  Production
Social Relations of
   Production
The Dialectic of Class
Class determined by
relation to the forces
    of production
Dominating Class has 2
important advantages:
Dominating Class has 2
   important advantages:

•Monopoly on the power,
 agents of coercion
Dominating Class has 2
   important advantages:

•Monopoly on the power,
 agents of coercion
•Control of the Mental Means
 of Production
False Consciousness
Base & Superstructure
Marx’s Materialist Conception of Society
   (Ball and Dagger, “Socialism and Communism: More to Marx”)




                                       IDEOLOGICAL
                                     SUPERSTRUCTURE
     IDEAS, IDEALS, BELIEFS
   (Morality, Law, Religion, Etc.)




 SOCIAL RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION


                                               BASE
 MATERIAL FORCES OF PRODUCTION
      (“Productive Forces”)
“Religion is the opiate
   of the masses”
“Religious distress is at the
same time the expression of
real distress and the protest
against real distress. Religion
is the sigh of the oppressed
creature, the heart of a
heartless world, just as it is the
spirit of a spiritless situation. It
is the opiate of the people…
“The abolition of religion as
the illusory happiness of the
people is required for their real
happiness. The demand to
give up the illusions about its
condition is the demand to
give up a condition that needs
illusions…
The criticism of religion is
therefore in embryo the
criticism of the vale of woe, the
halo of which is religion.
Criticism has plucked the
imaginary flowers from the
chain, not so that man will wear
the chain without any fantasy
or consolation…
…but so that he will shake off
the chain and cull the living
flower.

Karl Marx
Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s
Philosophy of Right.
Possessive
Individualism
Marx’s Critique of
  Capitalism
“The bourgeoisie, historically,
      has played a most
    revolutionary part.”
Capitalism’s

         3
important progressive
      functions
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
1. Merchant capitalists
   hastened the demise of
   feudalism
1. Merchant capitalists
   hastened the demise of
   feudalism
2. Capitalism has made men
   masters over nature
1. Merchant capitalists
   hastened the demise of
   feudalism
2. Capitalism has made men
   masters over nature
3. Capitalism requires
   constant innovation and
   change
So why should Capitalism
    be replaced???
3
Capitalism is
Outmoded
Capitalism creates
 Alienation
4 ways in which workers are
alienated under capitalism:
4 ways in which workers are
     alienated under capitalism:
1. They are alienated from the product of their labor
   because they are forced to sell their labor and do not
   own what they produce.
4 ways in which workers are
     alienated under capitalism:
1. They are alienated from the product of their labor
   because they are forced to sell their labor and do not
   own what they produce.
2. They are alienated from the activity of production
   itself because the capitalist system of mass
   production kills the creative spirit, leaving workers
   unable to find satisfaction in their labor.
4 ways in which workers are
     alienated under capitalism:
1. They are alienated from the product of their labor
   because they are forced to sell their labor and do not
   own what they produce.
2. They are alienated from the activity of production
   itself because the capitalist system of mass
   production kills the creative spirit, leaving workers
   unable to find satisfaction in their labor.
3. Workers are alienated from their unique and
   distinctively human nature and potential,
   particularly the power to create and enjoy beauty, by
   the dulling effect of living in a capitalist society.
4 ways in which workers are
     alienated under capitalism:
1. They are alienated from the product of their labor
   because they are forced to sell their labor and do not
   own what they produce.
2. They are alienated from the activity of production
   itself because the capitalist system of mass
   production kills the creative spirit, leaving workers
   unable to find satisfaction in their labor.
3. Workers are alienated from their unique and
   distinctively human nature and potential,
   particularly the power to create and enjoy beauty, by
   the dulling effect of living in a capitalist society.
4. Capitalism alienates workers from each other
   because it forces them to compete for jobs & wages.
Capitalism is
Self-subverting
Why capitalism is
DOOOOOOOMED!
Capitalism contains within itself
the seeds of its own destruction
Bourgeois-Proletariat
        Dialectic
•The Worker is enslaved by the
 Capitalist, though at first, he or she
 does not know it
•The Worker wakes from a “False
 Consciousness”
•The Dialectic turns…
•Establishing the classless society
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
Bourgeois-Proletariat
        Dialectic
•The Worker is enslaved by the
 Capitalist, though at first, he or she
 does not know it
•The Worker wakes from a “False
 Consciousness”
•The Dialectic turns…
•Establishing the classless society
Bourgeois-Proletariat
        Dialectic
•The Worker is enslaved by the
 Capitalist, though at first, he or she
 does not know it
•The Worker wakes from a “False
 Consciousness”
•The Dialectic turns…
•Establishing the classless society
Bourgeois-Proletariat
        Dialectic
•The Worker is enslaved by the
 Capitalist, though at first, he or she
 does not know it
•The Worker wakes from a “False
 Consciousness”
•The Dialectic turns…
•Establishing the classless society
The Revolutionary Sequence
                                            COMMUNISM


                                  WITHERING AWAY OF
                                      THE STATE


                         DICTATORSHIP OF THE
                             PROLETARIAT


                    SEIZURE OF STATE
                         POWER


              REVOLUTIONARY
            CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS




       IMMISERATION OF
       THE PROLETARIAT


 ECONOMIC CRISES
The Marxist View of Freedom
(Ball and Dagger, “Socialism and Communism: More to Marx”)



                       OBSTACLE:
                       Class divisions,
                          economic
                        inequalities,
                         unequal life
                       chances, “False
                       Consciousnessquot;




   AGENT:                                     GOAL:
 Common/ Working                             Fulfillment of
     People;                                human potential
  The proletariat                             and needs
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
Architecture
    vs.
 Capitalism
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
“Capitalism, he discovered,
        produced only ugly,
  pretentious luxury goods
 for slave owners and ugly,
  shoddy goods for slaves.”

             - A.L. Morton
The Arts & Crafts
   Movement
“I have tried to produce goods
which should be genuine as far
as their mere substances are
concerned, and should have on
that account the primary
beauty in them which belongs
to naturally treated
substances.”
William Morris
Artistic Criticism




Social Criticism
Morris Transforms
Morris’ Marxism
The problem of political action:
 “Making Marxists”
Morris’ Principles
•It is right and necessary that all men
 should have work to do which shall be
 worth doing, and be of itself pleasant to
 do; and which should be done under
 such conditions as would make it
 neither over-wearisome nor over-
 anxious.
•Nothing should be made by men’s
 labour which is not worth making; or
 which must be made by labour
 degrading to the makers.
Morris’ Principles
•It is right and necessary that all men
 should have work to do which shall be
 worth doing, and be of itself pleasant to
 do; and which should be done under
 such conditions as would make it
 neither over-wearisome nor over-
 anxious.
•Nothing should be made by men’s
 labour which is not worth making; or
 which must be made by labour
 degrading to the makers.
Morris’ Principles
•    No one who is willing to work should ever fear
     want of such employment as would earn for him
     all due necessities of mind and body.
    –   Honourable and fitting work
    –   Decency of Surroundings
    –   Leisure
•    It is NECESSARY to human well-being that “In a
     well ordered state of Society every man willing
     to work should be ensured honourable and fitting
     work, a healthy and beautiful house, and full
     leisure for mind and body.”
Morris’ Principles
•    No one who is willing to work should ever fear
     want of such employment as would earn for him
     all due necessities of mind and body.
    –   Honourable and fitting work
    –   Decency of Surroundings
    –   Leisure
•    It is NECESSARY to human well-being that “In a
     well ordered state of Society every man willing
     to work should be ensured honourable and fitting
     work, a healthy and beautiful house, and full
     leisure for mind and body.”
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
Lenin’s Contributions to
       Marxism
Vanguard Party
Marx vs. Lenin
The Party’s chief role is to
agitate, organize, and
educate the workers,
teaching them where their
“true” interests lie.
The Intellectuals
  MUST Lead!
No faith in the
“working-class mentality”
• Monopoly arose out of the
  concentration of production at a very
  advanced stage of development.
• Monopolies have accellerated the
  capture of the most important sources
  of raw materials.
• Monopoly has sprung from the banks
  (creation of a financial oligarchy).
• Monopoly has grown out of colonial
  policy.
Imperialism
Four Conclusions:
Four Conclusions:
1.   Confirmed his suspicions and hatred of the
     “revisionist” Marxists who proposed gradual
     change by working through parties within the
     current system.
Four Conclusions:
1.   Confirmed his suspicions and hatred of the
     “revisionist” Marxists who proposed gradual
     change by working through parties within the
     current system.
2.   Members of the working-class in the West have
     been infected with a “trade union mentality,” in
     effect becoming “bourgeoisie” themselves, and
     unreliable for bringing the Marxian revolution.
Four Conclusions:
1.   Confirmed his suspicions and hatred of the
     “revisionist” Marxists who proposed gradual
     change by working through parties within the
     current system.
2.   Members of the working-class in the West have
     been infected with a “trade union mentality,” in
     effect becoming “bourgeoisie” themselves, and
     unreliable for bringing the Marxian revolution.
3.   The (Vanguard) Party plays the indispensable
     role of raising the consciousness of the working
     class.
Four Conclusions:
1.   Confirmed his suspicions and hatred of the
     “revisionist” Marxists who proposed gradual
     change by working through parties within the
     current system.
2.   Members of the working-class in the West have
     been infected with a “trade union mentality,” in
     effect becoming “bourgeoisie” themselves, and
     unreliable for bringing the Marxian revolution.
3.   The (Vanguard) Party plays the indispensable
     role of raising the consciousness of the working
     class.
4.   The revolution will come FIRST to those areas
     most immiserated and led by an active
     vanguard party.
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
Maoism:
Marxism “through a
  glass, darkly”
Heavily influenced by
Lenin’s Imperialism
Mao proposed to rely on the Chinese
 agrarian peasantry for 2 reasons:
Mao proposed to rely on the Chinese
 agrarian peasantry for 2 reasons:
1. Poor peasant farmers were an
   overwhelming majority of the Chinese
   population, and if organized and mobilized,
   would provide an almost irresistible force.
Mao proposed to rely on the Chinese
 agrarian peasantry for 2 reasons:
1. Poor peasant farmers were an
   overwhelming majority of the Chinese
   population, and if organized and mobilized,
   would provide an almost irresistible force.
2. They were the poorest and most oppressed
   segment of the population. They had
   nothing to lose but everything to gain from
   revolution against their oppressors.
Urban Proletariat

   Peasantry
Mao            vs.    Marx
                        •Material or
•Subjective
 Conditions              Objective
                         Conditions
•Consciousness
•Political Will
The Class Struggle recast…
Importance of the
 Vanguard Party
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
Die Institut für
Sozialforschung
The Frankfurt School
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009
PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009

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PS 240 Marxism Spring 2009

  • 6. 2 effects of his career in Journalism
  • 7. He came to appreciate the central social and political importance of economics
  • 8. He ceased to be a liberal and became a radical
  • 10. The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
  • 12. Hegel’s Philosophy of History
  • 13. Geist
  • 15. Dialectic the process whereby opposite views or forces come into conflict, which eventually leads to the overcoming or reconciliation of the opposition in a new and presumably higher form
  • 16. THESIS + ANTITHESIS = SYNTHESIS
  • 18. The Master-Slave Dialectic • The master becomes master by physically conquering another, whom he then enslaves.
  • 19. The Master-Slave Dialectic • The master becomes master by physically conquering another, whom he then enslaves. • Seeing oneself through the eyes of the Other.
  • 20. The Master-Slave Dialectic • The master becomes master by physically conquering another, whom he then enslaves. • Seeing oneself through the eyes of the Other. • The master and slave are engaged in a symbiotic relationship.
  • 21. The Master-Slave Dialectic • The master becomes master by physically conquering another, whom he then enslaves. • Seeing oneself through the eyes of the Other. • The master and slave are engaged in a symbiotic relationship. • The master and slave are engaged in a conflictual relationship.
  • 22. The Master-Slave Dialectic • The master becomes master by physically conquering another, whom he then enslaves. • Seeing oneself through the eyes of the Other. • The master and slave are engaged in a symbiotic relationship. • The master and slave are engaged in a conflictual relationship. • The true relationship revealed through resistance.
  • 23. The Master-Slave Dialectic • The master becomes master by physically conquering another, whom he then enslaves. • Seeing oneself through the eyes of the Other. • The master and slave are engaged in a symbiotic relationship. • The master and slave are engaged in a conflictual relationship. • The true relationship revealed through resistance. • A Happy Conclusion…
  • 24. History as the Story of Human Labor and Struggle
  • 25. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.”
  • 26. Materialist vs. Idealist
  • 27. Material Forces of Production + Social Relations of Production = Material Production
  • 28. Material Forces of Production
  • 29. Social Relations of Production
  • 31. Class determined by relation to the forces of production
  • 32. Dominating Class has 2 important advantages:
  • 33. Dominating Class has 2 important advantages: •Monopoly on the power, agents of coercion
  • 34. Dominating Class has 2 important advantages: •Monopoly on the power, agents of coercion •Control of the Mental Means of Production
  • 37. Marx’s Materialist Conception of Society (Ball and Dagger, “Socialism and Communism: More to Marx”) IDEOLOGICAL SUPERSTRUCTURE IDEAS, IDEALS, BELIEFS (Morality, Law, Religion, Etc.) SOCIAL RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION BASE MATERIAL FORCES OF PRODUCTION (“Productive Forces”)
  • 38. “Religion is the opiate of the masses”
  • 39. “Religious distress is at the same time the expression of real distress and the protest against real distress. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. It is the opiate of the people…
  • 40. “The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is required for their real happiness. The demand to give up the illusions about its condition is the demand to give up a condition that needs illusions…
  • 41. The criticism of religion is therefore in embryo the criticism of the vale of woe, the halo of which is religion. Criticism has plucked the imaginary flowers from the chain, not so that man will wear the chain without any fantasy or consolation…
  • 42. …but so that he will shake off the chain and cull the living flower. Karl Marx Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.
  • 44. Marx’s Critique of Capitalism
  • 45. “The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.”
  • 46. Capitalism’s 3 important progressive functions
  • 48. 1. Merchant capitalists hastened the demise of feudalism
  • 49. 1. Merchant capitalists hastened the demise of feudalism 2. Capitalism has made men masters over nature
  • 50. 1. Merchant capitalists hastened the demise of feudalism 2. Capitalism has made men masters over nature 3. Capitalism requires constant innovation and change
  • 51. So why should Capitalism be replaced???
  • 52. 3
  • 55. 4 ways in which workers are alienated under capitalism:
  • 56. 4 ways in which workers are alienated under capitalism: 1. They are alienated from the product of their labor because they are forced to sell their labor and do not own what they produce.
  • 57. 4 ways in which workers are alienated under capitalism: 1. They are alienated from the product of their labor because they are forced to sell their labor and do not own what they produce. 2. They are alienated from the activity of production itself because the capitalist system of mass production kills the creative spirit, leaving workers unable to find satisfaction in their labor.
  • 58. 4 ways in which workers are alienated under capitalism: 1. They are alienated from the product of their labor because they are forced to sell their labor and do not own what they produce. 2. They are alienated from the activity of production itself because the capitalist system of mass production kills the creative spirit, leaving workers unable to find satisfaction in their labor. 3. Workers are alienated from their unique and distinctively human nature and potential, particularly the power to create and enjoy beauty, by the dulling effect of living in a capitalist society.
  • 59. 4 ways in which workers are alienated under capitalism: 1. They are alienated from the product of their labor because they are forced to sell their labor and do not own what they produce. 2. They are alienated from the activity of production itself because the capitalist system of mass production kills the creative spirit, leaving workers unable to find satisfaction in their labor. 3. Workers are alienated from their unique and distinctively human nature and potential, particularly the power to create and enjoy beauty, by the dulling effect of living in a capitalist society. 4. Capitalism alienates workers from each other because it forces them to compete for jobs & wages.
  • 62. Capitalism contains within itself the seeds of its own destruction
  • 63. Bourgeois-Proletariat Dialectic •The Worker is enslaved by the Capitalist, though at first, he or she does not know it •The Worker wakes from a “False Consciousness” •The Dialectic turns… •Establishing the classless society
  • 65. Bourgeois-Proletariat Dialectic •The Worker is enslaved by the Capitalist, though at first, he or she does not know it •The Worker wakes from a “False Consciousness” •The Dialectic turns… •Establishing the classless society
  • 66. Bourgeois-Proletariat Dialectic •The Worker is enslaved by the Capitalist, though at first, he or she does not know it •The Worker wakes from a “False Consciousness” •The Dialectic turns… •Establishing the classless society
  • 67. Bourgeois-Proletariat Dialectic •The Worker is enslaved by the Capitalist, though at first, he or she does not know it •The Worker wakes from a “False Consciousness” •The Dialectic turns… •Establishing the classless society
  • 68. The Revolutionary Sequence COMMUNISM WITHERING AWAY OF THE STATE DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT SEIZURE OF STATE POWER REVOLUTIONARY CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS IMMISERATION OF THE PROLETARIAT ECONOMIC CRISES
  • 69. The Marxist View of Freedom (Ball and Dagger, “Socialism and Communism: More to Marx”) OBSTACLE: Class divisions, economic inequalities, unequal life chances, “False Consciousnessquot; AGENT: GOAL: Common/ Working Fulfillment of People; human potential The proletariat and needs
  • 71. Architecture vs. Capitalism
  • 73. “Capitalism, he discovered, produced only ugly, pretentious luxury goods for slave owners and ugly, shoddy goods for slaves.” - A.L. Morton
  • 74. The Arts & Crafts Movement
  • 75. “I have tried to produce goods which should be genuine as far as their mere substances are concerned, and should have on that account the primary beauty in them which belongs to naturally treated substances.” William Morris
  • 79. The problem of political action: “Making Marxists”
  • 80. Morris’ Principles •It is right and necessary that all men should have work to do which shall be worth doing, and be of itself pleasant to do; and which should be done under such conditions as would make it neither over-wearisome nor over- anxious. •Nothing should be made by men’s labour which is not worth making; or which must be made by labour degrading to the makers.
  • 81. Morris’ Principles •It is right and necessary that all men should have work to do which shall be worth doing, and be of itself pleasant to do; and which should be done under such conditions as would make it neither over-wearisome nor over- anxious. •Nothing should be made by men’s labour which is not worth making; or which must be made by labour degrading to the makers.
  • 82. Morris’ Principles • No one who is willing to work should ever fear want of such employment as would earn for him all due necessities of mind and body. – Honourable and fitting work – Decency of Surroundings – Leisure • It is NECESSARY to human well-being that “In a well ordered state of Society every man willing to work should be ensured honourable and fitting work, a healthy and beautiful house, and full leisure for mind and body.”
  • 83. Morris’ Principles • No one who is willing to work should ever fear want of such employment as would earn for him all due necessities of mind and body. – Honourable and fitting work – Decency of Surroundings – Leisure • It is NECESSARY to human well-being that “In a well ordered state of Society every man willing to work should be ensured honourable and fitting work, a healthy and beautiful house, and full leisure for mind and body.”
  • 88. The Party’s chief role is to agitate, organize, and educate the workers, teaching them where their “true” interests lie.
  • 89. The Intellectuals MUST Lead!
  • 90. No faith in the “working-class mentality”
  • 91. • Monopoly arose out of the concentration of production at a very advanced stage of development. • Monopolies have accellerated the capture of the most important sources of raw materials. • Monopoly has sprung from the banks (creation of a financial oligarchy). • Monopoly has grown out of colonial policy.
  • 94. Four Conclusions: 1. Confirmed his suspicions and hatred of the “revisionist” Marxists who proposed gradual change by working through parties within the current system.
  • 95. Four Conclusions: 1. Confirmed his suspicions and hatred of the “revisionist” Marxists who proposed gradual change by working through parties within the current system. 2. Members of the working-class in the West have been infected with a “trade union mentality,” in effect becoming “bourgeoisie” themselves, and unreliable for bringing the Marxian revolution.
  • 96. Four Conclusions: 1. Confirmed his suspicions and hatred of the “revisionist” Marxists who proposed gradual change by working through parties within the current system. 2. Members of the working-class in the West have been infected with a “trade union mentality,” in effect becoming “bourgeoisie” themselves, and unreliable for bringing the Marxian revolution. 3. The (Vanguard) Party plays the indispensable role of raising the consciousness of the working class.
  • 97. Four Conclusions: 1. Confirmed his suspicions and hatred of the “revisionist” Marxists who proposed gradual change by working through parties within the current system. 2. Members of the working-class in the West have been infected with a “trade union mentality,” in effect becoming “bourgeoisie” themselves, and unreliable for bringing the Marxian revolution. 3. The (Vanguard) Party plays the indispensable role of raising the consciousness of the working class. 4. The revolution will come FIRST to those areas most immiserated and led by an active vanguard party.
  • 99. Maoism: Marxism “through a glass, darkly”
  • 101. Mao proposed to rely on the Chinese agrarian peasantry for 2 reasons:
  • 102. Mao proposed to rely on the Chinese agrarian peasantry for 2 reasons: 1. Poor peasant farmers were an overwhelming majority of the Chinese population, and if organized and mobilized, would provide an almost irresistible force.
  • 103. Mao proposed to rely on the Chinese agrarian peasantry for 2 reasons: 1. Poor peasant farmers were an overwhelming majority of the Chinese population, and if organized and mobilized, would provide an almost irresistible force. 2. They were the poorest and most oppressed segment of the population. They had nothing to lose but everything to gain from revolution against their oppressors.
  • 104. Urban Proletariat Peasantry
  • 105. Mao vs. Marx •Material or •Subjective Conditions Objective Conditions •Consciousness •Political Will
  • 106. The Class Struggle recast…
  • 107. Importance of the Vanguard Party