1. Unit 2
Compilation
Christy Baker

2.  Chapter 17.1
The are two periods in the cell cycle
 Interphase which is longer and iswhere the cell grows and
duplicates DNA which contains three phases of its own
 G1 Phase where the cell starts at its smallest size and begins
active cell growth
 Synthesis phase chromosones are duplicated and the cell
continues to grow
 G2 Phase cell still growing and now preparing for cell division
 Mitotic Phase is shorter and is where the nucleus and
cytoplasm divide it goes through two phases here
 Mitosis is where the DNA that was duplicated is now divided
 Cytokinesis where the cytoplasm is divided and two
daughter cells are formed

3. Chapter 17.2
 DNA is packed with chromosomes
 A gene is responsible for constructing one or more
proteins and is the smallest functioning part of a
chromosome
 Before cell reproduction can happen the DNA
must be replicated
 After the DNA is replicated is checked for errors
and damage that then get repaired
 When DNA is transcribed it is only in one strand
then the DNA strand entwine with each other
again this process is making a protein

4. Chapter 17.3
 Mitosis is when the nucleous divides
 Prophase, begins when duplicated chromosones
are visable
 Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm is divided
 Meiosis produces haploid daughter cells by
reducing chromosome number in half
 There are two stages of meiosis
 Meiosis I creates the hapliod daughter cells, but
they still has chromosomes in the duplicated state
 Meiosis II separates the duplicated chromosomes
and there are four haploid daughter cells

5. Chapter 17.4
 Cell reproduction must be regulated so it
does not go out of control, how is this done?
 Most cells in the body dived but not all, and
the ones that do divided do so at different
paces
 The cell division process is based off of
regulatory signals
 Other influencing factors one how long a cell
takes to divide can be the environment
outside the cell

6. Chapter 17.5
 The cells in you body beside your sperm or egg
cells have the same DNA at first
 Differentiation takes place then the cell become
different from each other, and have different
forms and functions
 Differentiation starts in the first stages of life when a
zygote becomes a blastocyst the inner cells
become different than the outer cells
 Later in development differentiation continues to
occur when creating which cells are
skeletal, muscle, skin, nerves, etc.

7. Chapter 17.6
 Reproductive cloning must be
undifferentiated cells
 Embryo splittind is when a fertilized egg can
be divided into eight identical cells
 They can be place in eight different
segregate mothers and create eight identical
offspring
 Somatic cell nuclear transfer is the cloning of
an adult
 A true clone of an adult can not be created
due to germ cells only have half a set of DNA

8. Chapter 17.7
 Therapeutic cloning is when human cells are
cloned to help treat patients
 The main purpose is to create duplicate
cells, tissue, organs for patients that need
then to save their lives
 With todays medical technology the believe
this may be medical treatment in the future
 They must however be careful because as they
get closer they may also be finding a way to
clone adults which could get out of control if it
got out

9. Chapter 18.1
 Hyperplasia is when the rate of cell division is
increased
 Hyperplasia can happen in normal cells but
not in the same way as it does in cancer cells
 Hyperplasia will eventually cause a tumor
because of these rapid dividing cells some
cancerous and some not
 Benign tumors remain in one place as a single
developed mass
 The Benign tumors only affect a person health if
they get too big

10. Chapter 18.2
 When cells divide uncontrollably and go
through physical changes this is when cancer
develops
 When the cells no longer adhere to
eachother is when the cancer will begin to
spread to other tissues which means they are
malignant tumors
 Cancer is the second most comon cause of
death in the U.S.
 1 in every 3 get it
 1 in every 4 die from it

11. Chapter 18.3
 If the photo-oncogenes are mutated this may
contribute to a cause of cancer
 Cancer can be passed down from generation to
generation through family genetics
 Some causes of cancer can be from things we do
to our own body such as smoking and tanning
 There are also internal factors that may contribute
such as internal chemical production or faulty
DNA reproduction
 There are all of these factors that contribute yet
some cells may have multiple mutations before
they become cancerous

12. Chapter 18.4
 Thebiggest sign for cancer detection and
the most common cancer diagnoses is
done when a tumor is detected
 Usually done by X-ray, MRI, or PET Scan
 Genetic testing can be done to detect
the presence of a mutated gene
however this does not always mean that
it’s cancerous
 Cancer can by detected also by enzyme
tests

13. Chapter 18.5
 Early diagnoses is the key to be able to treat
cancer
 The main ways to get rid of the cancer are to take
secions of chemotherapy, radiation, or to
surgically remove it
 There are many newer treatments that are now
being used also
 Magnetism
 Immunotherapy, to help boost the patients
immune system
 Photodynamic therapy to target malignant cells
 Molecular treatments that target specific genes
 Drugs that cut off blood supply to the tumor

14. Chapter 18.6
 The 10 most common cancers are:
 Skin cancer
 Three types and needs to be detected early
 Lung cancer
 Most commonly caused by smoking, and causes the most dealths
 Breast cancer
 Mostly in women and the soon found the better
 Prostate cancer
 Usually occurs after age 50, more common in men
 Colon and rectum cancer
 Most common sign is blood in stool
 Lymphoma
 Radiation and chemotherapy are most common treatments
 Urinary Bladder cancer
 Most common sign is blood in urine
 Kidney cancer
 Usually detected during rectal exam
 Uterine cancer
 Uterine bleeding is the most common sign
 Leukemia
 Usually treated with chemotherapy

15. Chapter 18.7
 While most cancers can be preventedf there are
some that can not, we should do everything we can
to prevent the ones we can
 The biggest prevention technique is do not smoke
 Having a healthy diet also plays a big role in the
prevention of cancer
 Other preventative mechanisms are
 Knowing your family history
 Know your body
 Keep up on your medical screenings
 Avoid direct sunlight and wear sunscreen
 Drink in moderation
 Stay infomed on new health information

16. Chapter 19.1
 The DNA that is inherited from our parents is
what makes us who we are
 We get two copies of each gene, one from
each parent, and some may be different due
to mutations and these different versions
genes are referred to as alleles
 Genotype is a complete set of alleles that we
inherit
 Phenotype is the physical and functional
expression of the alleles

17. Chapter 19.2
 Patterns of inheritance for one or two
pairs of alleles can be shown by a Punnett
square
 When one allele shows complete
dominance over the other this is a comon
pattern of phenotypic inheritance
 Genes that are from different traits are
assorted independently of one another

18. Chapter 19.3
 Some alleles don’t follow the previously
mentioned dominant pattern there are
two other dominance pattern they may
use
 Incomplete dominance, which is when
heterozygotes exhibit an intermediate
phenotype
 Codominance, which is when
heterozygotes express both phenotypes
equally

19. Chapter 19.4
 Multiple genes influence one single trait in
polygenic inheritance
 Our genotype and the environment we
are in both determine what our
phenotype will be
 Linked alleles are alleles that are located
on the same chomosome and may be
inherited together

20. Chapter 19.5
 Knowing whether a child is a male or female is
determined early by genes of the Y chromosome
 If the Y chromosome is present it’s a male if there is
and absence of the Y chromosome it’s a female
 Most sex-linked inheritance genes have nothing to
do with determining the sex of the fetus but they
are referred to as the inheritance of the genes
located on the sex chromosomes
 Sex-linked inheritance has diseases associated
with it including hemophilia, colorblindness, and
muscular dystrophy

21. Chapter 19.6
 Failure of homologous chromosome to
separate properly during mitosis or meiosis
which causes altered chromosome numbers
in the daughter cells is called nondisjunction
 Down syndrome is usually cased when three
copies of chromosome 21 are inherited an
the biggest risk factor is parents age
especially the mother
 If part of a chromosome is deleted it my be
fatal and if translocation occurs it could alter
the ability for the gene to function properly

22. Chapter 19.7
 Recessive
alleles are to blame for most
autosomal heritable genetic diseases
 Diseases such as Phenylketonuria, Tay-
Sachs dises and cystic fibrosis are all caused
from recessive alleles
 Huntington
disease however is caused by
a dominant-lethal allele
 These alleles are uncommon and usually
eliminat them selfes from population

23. Chapter 19.8
 Genes can only influence generally
patterns of behavior or mood
 Genes can not determine specific
behaviors