1. Classification

2. Core concepts
 Modern Taxonomy or Systematics is the field of
biology that deals with organizing living things such
as plants and animals into a hierarchy or category
that shows artificial or natural relationships

3. Core concepts
 Taxonomy or systematics involves three procedures
namely classification, identification and
nomenclature
 Classification is a process of assigning arbitrary
categories to an organism, or group/s of an organism
based on its biological relatedness

4. Core concepts
 Identification is a method to recognize organisms, or
group/s or an organism based on its morphology,
anatomy, biochemical property, molecular
organization, etc. The use of traits is often subjective,
but a consencus is generally made on which traits to
use in identifying organisms.

5. Core concepts
 Nomenclature is simply the practice of naming
organisms based on rules of certain codes for every
taxa of organism. The ICBN (International Code for
Botanical Nomenclature) has rules for naming and
publishing plant specimens that are new to science.
The counterpart of ICBN is the ICZN (International
Code for Zoological Nomenclature), while in
microorganisms it is the International Code for
Naming Bacteria.

6. Keywords
 Taxonomy systematics classification
 Identification nomenclature hierarchy
 Category artificial natural
 Taxon species binomial system
 Linnean classification domain kingdom
 Division/phylum class order family genus
 Specific epithet archaea bacteria eukarya
protista mycetae/fungi plantae animalia

7. Classification
 Evolutionary systematics
 Phenetic systematics
 Cladistic systematics

8. Evolutionary systematics
 Use of phylogenetic relationship and over all
similarity of organisms
 Taxa > single species
 Groups of species give rise to new groups

9. Evolutionary systematics
 Pre-Darwinian Linnean taxonomy- orderly lists
 Evolutionary systematics- phylogenetic trees
 Allows for paraphylectic trees
 Use of dinosaurs to links extinct and extant species
 Monophylectic
 Paraphylectic
 polyphylectic

10. mammalia
synapsida
amniota
reptilia
dinosauria
crocodilia aves

11. Phenetic systematics
 Also known as taximetrics
 Method of clasification that uses morphology or
other observable traits regardless of any phylogentic
or evolutionary relationship

12. Cladistic systematics
 Method of classifying organisms based on groups or
clades
 Clades- ancestor and all descendants
 Single branch on the tree of life, monophylectic
 Plesiomorphies- derived characteristics from
ancestors
 Apomorphies- evolved traits
 Synapomorphies- shared traits

13.  Evolutionary taxonomist- birds evolved from
dinosaurs
 Cladist- birds are dinosaurs

14. Linnean species vs Darwinian species
 Immutable species
 Mutable species

15. Good taxonomic system should be…..
 Universally accepted
 Classification of organisms should have real
biological meaning

16. Scheming scientists….
 2 kingdom scheme
 4 kingdom scheme
 5 kingdom scheme
 6 kingdom scheme
 3 domain scheme

17. 2 + 2 Lapu lapu
 Linnaeus
 Regnum Animale
 Regnum Vegetabile
 Regnum Lapideum
Divided into classes

18. 3 + 3 Christmas tree
 Ernst Haeckel due to Leeuwenhoek
 Unicellular or multicellular
 Kingdom Protoctista
 Kingdom Animalia
 Kingdom Plantae

19. 4 + 4 bagong bapor
 Herbert Copeland due to electron microscope
 Ability to discern organelles
 Monera
 Protista
 Plantae
 Animalia
 Presence of superkingdom- empire prokaryota, empire
eukaryota

20. 5 + 5 Voltes Five
 Robert Whittaker
 Based on nutrition- auto, hetero, saprotroph
 Monera
 Protista
 Plantae
 Fungi
 Animalia

21. 6 + 6 (bonus ang makakaalam)
 Carl Woese (use of genetic makeup)
 Bacteria
 Archaea
 Protista
 Plantae
 Fungi
 Animalia

22. Ultimate purpose of taxonomy
 Ano nga ba?

23. Group Assignment
 Short history of taxonomy
 Hunter gatherer period
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Agricultural period
 Greeks to Karolus Linnaeus
 Modern taxonomy and systematics
 How do species arise?
 Biological species concept (BSC)- advantages and
disadvantages over other species concept