1. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
The Purpose of Journalism
And Why Its Future Is at Risk

2. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
What is journalism for?

3. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
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What is journalism for?
“The primary purpose of journalism is to provide
citizens with the information they need to be free
and self-governing.”

4. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
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What is government for?

5. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
What is government for?
“The primary purpose of government is _______
___________________________________.”

6. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
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“Two constitutional principles have
clashed: the government’s view of
national security and the newspapers’
view of their freedom to print.”
Eric Sevareid, CBS News
June 30, 1971

7. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Journalism is so fundamental
to the concept of creating
community and democracy that…

8. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
…a free press was among the first rights the
Founding Fathers of this country felt it
necessary to secure in the Bill of Rights.

9. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the
Government for a redress of grievances.

10. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Journalism is so fundamental
to the concept of creating
community and democracy that…

11. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
…societies that want to suppress freedom
must first suppress the press.
Recent Examples?

13. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats to Journalism Today

14. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats to Journalism Today
•Internet

15. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats to Journalism Today
•Internet
•Shifts in reader/consumer behaviors

16. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats to Journalism Today
•Internet
•Shifts in reader/consumer behaviors
•Government

17. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats to Journalism Today
•Internet
•Shifts in reader/consumer behaviors
•Government
•Self-destructive behaviors and attitudes

18. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats to Journalism Today
•Internet
•Shifts in reader/consumer behaviors
•Government
•Self-destructive behaviors and attitudes
•Corporate conglomerations

19. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats to Journalism Today
•Internet
•Shifts in reader/consumer behaviors
•Government
•Self-destructive behaviors and attitudes
•Corporate conglomerations
•Globalization

20. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats from the Internet

21. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats from the Internet
•Blogs

22. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats from the Internet
•Blogs
•Citizen journalism

23. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats from the Internet
•Blogs
•Citizen journalism
•Movement of advertising away from traditional media

24. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Threats from the Internet
•Blogs
•Citizen journalism
•Movement of advertising away from traditional media
•News aggregators

25. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Self-destructive Behaviors and Attitudes

26. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Self-destructive Behaviors and Attitudes
•Plagiarism, betraying public trust

27. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Self-destructive Behaviors and Attitudes
•Plagiarism, betraying public trust
•Responding to business pressures by appealing lowest
common denominator

28. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Self-destructive Behaviors and Attitudes
•Plagiarism, betraying public trust
•Responding to business pressures by appealing lowest
common denominator
•Arrogance about journalism’s gatekeeper role

29. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Journalistic Arrogance and the Theory of Democracy

30. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Journalistic Arrogance and the Theory of Democracy
Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (1922)
•Democracy an unattainable end due to the media’s
weaknesses and the public’s disinterest and
ignorance

31. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Journalistic Arrogance and the Theory of Democracy
Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (1922)
•Democracy an unattainable end due to the media’s
weaknesses and the public’s disinterest and
ignorance
John Dewey, Review of Public Opinion (1922)
•Democracy (and, thus, reliable journalism) not an
ends but a means; the end is individual liberty and
self-realization, not efficient government

32. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Journalistic Arrogance and the Theory of Democracy

33. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Journalistic Arrogance and the Theory of Democracy
•Lippmann’s view of the populace still influential

34. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Journalistic Arrogance and the Theory of Democracy
•Lippmann’s view of the populace still influential
•This view of the elitist press deciding what the ignorant
common person needs to know has alienated citizens
from the journalism they need to remain free

35. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
Journalistic Arrogance and the Theory of Democracy
•Lippmann’s view of the populace still influential
•This view of the elitist press deciding what the ignorant
common person needs to know has alienated citizens
from the journalism they need to remain free
•This is the context in which Kovach and Rosenstiel
propose the Theory of the Interlocking Public

36. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
The Theory of the Interlocking Public

37. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
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The Theory of the Interlocking Public
Involved

38. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
The Theory of the Interlocking Public
Involved Interested

39. cm 135 an introduction to journalisml
BRUCE CLARY INSTRUCTOR
The Theory of the Interlocking Public
Involved Interested
Uninterested