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The Scarlet Letter,[object Object],written by Nathaniel Hawthorne (b. 1804),[object Object],written about 1850,[object Object],set in Boston, Mass. about 1690,[object Object]
Boston,[object Object],(setting of The Scarlet Letter),[object Object],Plymouth,[object Object],(where Mayflower landed in 1620/setting for Bradford’s memoir Of Plymouth Plantation),[object Object]
Setting: The Scarlet Letter,[object Object],The setting of Hawthorne’s novel is critical to the plot of the novel.,[object Object],1690’s Boston was a Puritan village,[object Object],Like other Puritan settlements in New England, the local and colonial governments were theocracies.,[object Object]
theocracy,[object Object],word comes from Greek,[object Object],theo = God,[object Object],cratos = rule,[object Object],a theocracy is a government where the civil laws are based (in whole or in part) on religious laws; civil leaders in theocracies are probably also important religious leaders,[object Object]
theocracy, cont.,[object Object],In Afghanistan before 2001, the Taliban controlled religious and civil laws. Besides having to wear burqas in public, women in Afghanistan were not allowed to attend school or drive cars.,[object Object],In Saudi Arabia, women cannot drive or vote. Because Islam forbids it, no place in Saudi Arabia sells alcohol or pork. ,[object Object]
Theocracy as Extremism,[object Object],   Ironically, it is largely because of the Puritans – who themselves established a theocratic government in the New World – that we in America tend to view most theocratic governments as extremist.,[object Object]
Puritanism,[object Object],Began in England in the mid-1500’s,[object Object],A sect of Calvinists,[object Object],Calvinism named after Swiss theologian 	John Calvin,[object Object],Calvinism =,[object Object],predetermination,[object Object],no religious authority BUT Scripture,[object Object]
“Puritans”,[object Object],“Puritans” intended as a derogatory term,[object Object],“Puritans” usually referred to themselves as “the Godly”,[object Object],Puritans fell quickly out of favor in England, where  the king was the head of the Church of England.,[object Object],They recognized neither the king’s secular or religious authority, and so quickly became enemies of civil and religious leaders.,[object Object]
The Puritan Role in Development of “American” Character,[object Object],In 1600, the Puritans left England for Holland, which even in the 17th century was a very liberal society.,[object Object],It was too liberal for the Puritans, though, who disliked the government’s permissiveness and tolerance of behaviors/attitudes they found unacceptable.,[object Object]
The Puritan Role in Development of “American” Character, cont.,[object Object],Because Scripture was central to religion and government, scholarship was a highly valued right (reserved, of course, to men only).,[object Object],The role of religious leaders was to present Scripture and guide other church members in its understanding and application.,[object Object],Puritan religious leaders were NEVER seen as intermediaries or intercessors.,[object Object]
In 1620, the Puritans left Holland for the New World.,[object Object],Established Plymouth Plantation in the “savage wilderness” of New England.,[object Object],Retained those aspects of European society they liked; created new laws, policies, etc. to replace the elements of society they did not like.,[object Object],The Puritan Role in Development of “American” Character, cont.,[object Object]
The Puritan Role in Development of “American” Character, cont.,[object Object],“Puritan leaders were highly trained scholars, whose education tended to translate into positions that were often authoritarian.” 	http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PURITAN/purhist.html,[object Object],“There was a built-in hierarchism in this sense, but one which mostly reflected the age.” 	http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PURITAN/purhist.html,[object Object],Very Important: Anybody (theoretically) could rise to the same level of authority.,[object Object]
So…,[object Object],[object Object]
This is probably why most Americans disagree so strongly with theocraciesThe Puritan emphasis on:,[object Object],	self-reliance,[object Object],	independence,[object Object],	individual achievement,[object Object],	individual responsibility,[object Object],	personal accountability,[object Object],	power through ability 			(education),[object Object]
Puritan “Crime and Punishment”,[object Object],Because Puritan Boston c. 1690 was still a theocratic society, crime against church (or God) was the equivalent of a crime against another person or against “the State.”,[object Object],Yes… it was illegal to miss church on Sabbath days. It was also illegal to sleep during sermons that could run 3 or more hours long – during each session (morning and afternoon) on a Sabbath.,[object Object],http://www.materialreligion.org/objects/dec96obj.html,[object Object]
Puritan “Crime and Punishment”, cont.,[object Object],Virtually any offense could land you in the pillory, or stocks. The Puritans imported this punishment to New England from England.,[object Object],Entire purpose was public display and public humiliation.,[object Object],Stocks were built on a scaffold in the center of the village, where townspeople could mock the offender, and throw rotten vegetables or stones. Aside from the offender’s hands being immobilized, his ears would frequently be nailed to the board behind his head.,[object Object],The Stocks,[object Object],http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/2100/2111/pillory_1_md.gif,[object Object]
Puritan “Crime and Punishment”, cont.,[object Object],After serving time in a jail and then on the pillory, a convicted criminal would often be required to wear some outward sign of his or her offense.,[object Object],In 1637, as punishment for writing an essay that criticized the archbishop, William Prynne (no relation to the central character in The Scarlet Letter) – after being put in the stocks – had the letters “SL” (for “seditious libeler”) branded onto his cheeks.,[object Object],http://history.wisc.edu/sommerville/367/367-06.htm,[object Object]
The “scarlet letter” of the novel’s title refers to a scarlet letter “A” that the novel’s main character is made to wear on her clothing as punishment for her crime of adultery.,[object Object]

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The scarlet letter

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