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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the
management of arterial hypertension
European Society of Hypertension
European Society of Cardiology
Journal of Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Definitions and classification of office BP levels (mmHg)*
Category Systolic Diastolic
Optimal <120 and <80
Normal 120–129 and/or 80–84
High normal 130–139 and/or 85–89
Grade 1 hypertension 140–159 and/or 90–99
Grade 2 hypertension 160–179 and/or 100–109
Grade 3 hypertension ≥180 and/or ≥110
Isolated systolic hypertension ≥140 and <90
* The blood pressure (BP) category is defined by the highest level of BP, whether systolic or diastolic. Isolated systolic
hypertension should be graded 1, 2, or 3 according to systolic BP values in the ranges indicated.
Hypertension:
SBP >140 mmHg ± DBP >90 mmHg
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Stratification of total CV risk in categories
Stratification of total CV risk in categories of low, moderate, high and very high risk according to SBP and DBP and prevalence of RFs,
asymptomatic OD, diabetes, CKD stage or symptomatic CVD. Subjects with a high normal office but a raised out-of-office BP (masked
hypertension) have a CV risk in the hypertension range. Subjects with a high office BP but normal out-of-office BP (white-coat hypertension),
particularly if there is no diabetes, OD, CVD or CKD, have lower risk than sustained hypertension for the same office BP.
BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure;
HT, hypertension; OD, organ damage; RF, risk factor; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Other risk factors,
asymptomatic organ
damage or disease
Blood pressure (mmHg)
High normal SBP
130−139
or DBP 85−89
Grade 1 HT
SBP 140−159 or
DBP 90−99
Grade 2 HT
SBP 160−179
or DBP 100−109
Grade 3 HT
SBP ≥180
or DBP ≥110
No other RF Low risk Moderate risk High risk
1−2 RF Low risk Moderate risk
Moderate to
high risk
High risk
≥3 RF
Low to
moderate risk
Moderate to
high risk
High risk High risk
OD, CKD stage 3 or diabetes
Moderate to
high risk
High risk High risk
High to
very high risk
Symptomatic CVD, CKD stage
≥4 or diabetes with OD/RFs
Very high risk Very high risk Very high risk Very high risk
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Factors—other than office BP—influencing prognosis
(used for stratification of total CV risk in prev. slide)
BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; BSA, body surface area; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney
disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin;
IMT, intima-media thickness; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVM, left ventricular mass; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PWV, pulse wave
velocity.
a
Risk maximal for concentric LVH: increased LVM index with a wall thickness/radius ratio of 0.42.
Risk factors
• Male sex
• Age (men ≥55 years; women ≥65 years)
• Smoking
• Dyslipidaemia
- Total cholesterol >4.9 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), and/or
- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >3.0 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), and/or
- High-density lipoprotein cholesterol: men <1.0 mmol/L (40 mg/dL),
women <1.2 mmol/L (46 mg/dL), and/or
- Triglycerides >1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL)
• Fasting plasma glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/L (102–125 mg/dL)
• Abnormal glucose tolerance test
• Obesity [BMI ≥30 kg/m2
(height2
)]
• Abdominal obesity (waist circumference: men ≥102 cm;
women ≥88 cm) (in Caucasians)
• Family history of premature CVD (men aged <55 years;
women aged <65 years
Diabetes Mellitus
• Fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) on two repeated
measurements, and/or
• HbA1c >7% (53 mmol/mol), and/or
• Post-load plasma glucose >11.0 mmol/L (198 mg/dL)
Asymptomatic organ damage
• Pulse pressure (in the elderly) ≥60 mmHg
• Electrocardiographic LVH (Sokolow–Lyon index >3.5 mV; RaVL >1.1
mV; Cornell voltage duration product >244 mV*ms), or
• Echocardiographic LVH [LVM index: men >115 g/m2
; women >95 g/m2
(BSA)]a
• Carotid wall thickening (IMT >0.9 mm) or plaque
• Carotid-femoral PWV >10 m/s
• Ankle/brachial BP index <0.9
• CKD with eGFR 30–60 ml/min/1.73 m2
(BSA)
• Microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/24 h), or albumin–creatinine ratio
(30–300 mg/g; 3.4–34 mg/mmol) (preferentially on morning spot urine)
Established CV or renal disease
• Cerebrovascular disease: ischaemic stroke; cerebral haemorrhage;
transient ischaemic attack
• CHD: myocardial infarction; angina; myocardial revascularization with
PCI or CABG
• Heart failure, including heart failure with preserved EF
• Symptomatic lower extremities peripheral artery disease
• CKD with eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2
(BSA); proteinuria (>300 mg/24 h)
• Advanced retinopathy: haemorrhages or exudates, papilloedema
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Individuals at higher CV risk - Summary
Population at higher CV risk than indicated in stratification chart:
•Sedentary subjects and those with central obesity
•Socially deprived subjects and those from ethnic minorities
•Subjects with elevated FPG and/or abnormal glucose tolerance test*
•Persons with increased TG, fibrinogen, apoB, Ip(a), hs-CRP
•Individuals with family history of premature CVD^
* Do not meet diabetes diagnostic criteria. ^ Men aged ≤55 yrs, women aged ≤65 yrs.
apoB, apolipotrotein B; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; hs-CRP, high-sensivity C-reactive protein; Il(a), lipoprotein(a).
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Diagnostic evaluation
Initial evaluation should:
•Confirm hypertension diagnosis
•Detect causes of secondary hypertension
•Assess CV risk, organ damage, and comorbidities
Action steps:
•Measure BP
•Obtain medical history, including family history
•Perform physical examination and laboratory tests
•Perform further diagnostic tests
* BP, blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular.
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Office BP measurement
When measuring BP in the office, care should be taken:
•To allow the patients to sit for 3–5 minutes before beginning BP measurements
•To take at least two BP measurements, in the sitting position, spaced 1–2 min apart, and additional
measurements if the first two are quite different. Consider the average BP if deemed appropriate
•To take repeated measurements of BP to improve accuracy in patients with arrhythmias, such as
atrial fibrillation
•To use a standard bladder (12–13 cm wide and 35 cm long), but have a larger and a smaller bladder
available for large (arm circumference >32 cm) and thin arms, respectively
•To have the cuff at the heart level, whatever the position of the patient
•When adopting the auscultatory method, use phase I and V (disappearance) Korotkoff sounds to
identify systolic and diastolic BP, respectively
•To measure BP in both arms at first visit to detect possible differences. In this instance, take the arm
with the higher value as the reference
•To measure at first visit BP 1 and 3 min after assumption of the standing position in elderly subjects,
diabetic patients, and in other conditions in which orthostatic hypotension may be frequent or
suspected
•To measure, in case of conventional BP measurement, heart rate by pulse palpation (at least 30 s)
after the second measurement in the sitting position
BP, blood pressure.
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Definitions of hypertension by office and out-of-office BP levels
Category Systolic BP
(mmHg)
Diastolic BP
(mmHg)
Office BP ≥140 and ≥90
Ambulatory BP
Daytime (or awake) ≥135 and/or ≥85
Nighttime (or asleep) ≥120 and/or ≥70
24-h ≥130 and/or ≥80
Home BP ≥135 and/or ≥85
BP, blood pressure.
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Clinical indications for out-of-office BP measurement for
diagnostic purposes
Clinical indications for HBPM or ABPM
•Suspicion of white-coat hypertension
-Grade I hypertension in the office
-High office BP in individuals without asymptomatic organ
damage and at low total CV risk
•Suspicion of masked hypertension
-High normal BP in the office
-Normal office BP in individuals with asymptomatic organ
damage or at high total CV risk
•Identification of white-coat effect in hypertensive
patients
•Considerable variability of office BP over the same or
different visits
•Autonomic, postural, post-prandial, siesta- and drug-
induced hypotension
•Elevated office BP or suspected pre-eclampsia in
pregnant women
•Identification of true and false resistant hypertension
BP, blood pressure; ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease;
CV, cardiovascular; HBPM, home blood pressure monitoring.
Specific indications for ABPM
• Marked discordance between office BP
and home BP
• Assessment of dipping status
• Suspicion of nocturnal hypertension or
absence of dipping, such as in patients
with sleep apnoea, CKD, or diabetes
• Assessment of BP variability
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Personal and family medical history
BP, blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; CVD, cardiovascular disease; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.
1. Duration and previous level of high BP (including measurements at home)
2. Secondary hypertension
• Family history of chronic kidney disease
• History of renal disease, urinary tract infection, haematuria, analgesic abuse
• Drug/substance use
• Recurrent episodes of sweating, headache, anxiety, palpitations
• Episodes of muscle weakness and tetany
• Symptoms suggestive of thyroid disease
3. Risk factors
• Family and personal history of HTN and CVD, dyslipidaemia, diabetes
• Smoking
• Dietary habits
• Recent weight changes; obesity
• Amount of physical exercise
• Snoring; sleep apnoea
• Low birth-weight
4. History and symptoms of
organ damage and CVD
• Brain and eyes
• Heart
• Kidney
• Peripheral arteries
• History of snoring/chronic lung disease/sleep apnoea
• Cognitive dysfunction
5. Hypertension management • Current and past antihypertensive medication
• Evidence of adherence or lack of adherence to therapy
• Efficacy and adverse effects of drugs
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Physical examination for secondary hypertension,
organ damage and obesity
BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index;
1. Signs suggesting
secondary hypertension
• Features of Cushing syndrome
• Skin stigmata of neurofibromatosis
• Palpation of enlarged kidneys
• Auscultation of abdominal murmurs
• Auscultation of precordial or chest murmurs
• Diminished and delayed femoral pulses
• Left–right arm BP difference
2. Signs of organ damage • Brain: motor or sensory defects
• Retina: fundoscopic abnormalities
• Heart: heart rate, 3rd or 4th heart sound, murmurs, arrhythmias,
location of apical impulse, pulmonary rales, peripheral oedema
• Peripheral arteries: absence, reduction, or asymmetry of pulses,
cold extremities, ischaemic skin lesions
• Carotid arteries: systolic murmurs
3. Evidence of obesity • Weight and height
• Calculate BMI
• Waist circumference
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Laboratory investigations
FGP, Fasting plasma glucose; TC, serum total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG,
triglycerides; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; BP, blood pressure; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.
Confirm additional risk factors, secondary hypertension, absence or presence of organ
damage
1. Routine tests Haemoglobin and/or haematocrit
FGP
TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG
Serum potassium and sodium
Serum uric acid
Serum creatinine (include eGFR)
Urine analysis
12-lead ECG
2. Additional tests HbA1c if FGP >5.6 mmol/L (102 mg/dL) or
previous diabetes diagnosis
Quantitative proteinuria
Home and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring
Echocardiogram
Holter monitoring for arrhythmias
Carotid ultrasound
Peripheral artery/abdominal ultrasound
Pulse wave velocity
Ankle-brachial index
Fundoscopy
3. Extended
evaluation
Cerebral, cardiac, renal, and vascular damage; mandatory in resistant and
complicated hypertension
Secondary hypertension when suggested by history, physical examination, or routine
and additional tests
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Predictive value, availability, reproducibility and cost–
effectiveness of some markers of organ damage
Marker CV
predictive value
Availability Reproducibility Cost
effectiveness
Electrocardiography +++ ++++ ++++ ++++
Echocardiography, plus Doppler ++++ +++ +++ +++
Estimated glomerular filtration rate +++ ++++ ++++ ++++
Microalbuminuria +++ ++++ ++ ++++
Carotid intima–media thickness and plaque +++ +++ +++ +++
Arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) +++ ++ +++ +++
Ankle–brachial index +++ +++ +++ +++
Fundoscopy +++ ++++ ++ +++
Additional measurements
Coronary calcium score ++ + +++ +
Endothelial dysfunction ++ + + +
Cerebral lacunae/white matter lesions ++ + +++ +
Cardiac magnetic resonance ++ + +++ ++
CV, cardiovascular. Scores are from + to ++++.
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Clinical indications and diagnostics of secondary hypertension
CT, computed tomography; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; RAA, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone.
CLINICAL INDICATIONS DIAGNOSTICS
Common causes Clinical
history
Physical
examination
Laboratory
investigations
First-line
test(s)
Additional/confirmat
ory test(s)
Renal parenchymal
disease
History of urinary tract infection
or obstruction, haematuria,
analgesic abuse; family history
of polycystic kidney disease
Abdominal
masses (in case
of polycystic
kidney disease)
Presence of protein,
erythrocytes, or
leucocytes in the urine,
decreased GFR
Renal ultrasound Detailed work-up for
kidney disease
Renal artery stenosis - Fibromuscular dysplasia: early
onset hypertension
(especially in women)
- Atherosclerotic stenosis:
hypertension of abrupt onset,
worsening or Increasingly
difficult to treat; flash
pulmonary oedema
Abdominal bruit Difference of >1.5 cm in
length between the two
kidneys (renal
ultrasound), rapid
deterioration in renal
function (spontaneous or
in response to RAA
blockers)
Renal Duplex Doppler
ultrasonography
Magnetic resonance
angiography, spiral
computed tomography,
intra-arterial digital
subtraction angiography
Primary aldosteronism Muscle weakness; family
history of early onset
hypertension and
cerebrovascular events at age
<40 years
Arrhythmias (in
case of severe
hypokalaemia)
Hypokalaemia
(spontaneous or diuretic-
induced); incidental
discovery of adrenal
masses
Aldosterone–renin ratio
under standardized
conditions (correction of
hypokalaemia and
withdrawal of drugs
affecting RAA system)
Confirmatory tests (oral
sodium loading, saline
infusion, fludrocortisone
suppression, or captopril
test); adrenal CT scan;
adrenal vein sampling
Uncommon causes
Pheochromocytoma Paroxysmal hypertension or a
crisis superimposed to
sustained hypertension;
headache, sweating,
palpitations and pallor; positive
family history of
pheochromocytoma
Skin stigmata of
neurofibromatosis
(café-au-lait spots,
neurofibromas)
Incidental discovery of
adrenal (or in some
cases, extra-adrenal)
masses
Measurement of urinary
fractionated
metanephrines or
plasma-free
metanephrines
CT or MRI of the
abdomen and pelvis; 123
I-labelled metaiodoben-
zyl-guanidine scanning;
genetic screening for
pathogenic mutations
Cushing’s syndrome Rapid weight gain, polyuria,
polydipsia, psychological
disturbances
Typical body
habitus (central
obesity, moon-
face, buffalo
hump, red striae,
hirsutism)
Hyperglycaemia 24-h urinary cortisol
excretion
Dexamethasone-
suppression tests
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Initiation of lifestyle changes and antihypertensive drug treatment
BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HT, hypertension; OD,
organ damage; RF, risk factor; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Other risk factors,
asymptomatic organ
damage or disease
Blood pressure (mmHg)
High normal SBP
130−139
or DBP 85−89
Grade 1 HT
SBP 140−159 or
DBP 90−99
Grade 2 HT
SBP 160−179
or DBP 100−109
Grade 3 HT
SBP ≥180
or DBP ≥110
No other RF • No BP intervention
• Lifestyle changes for
several months
• Then add BP drugs
targeting <140/90
• Lifestyle changes for
several weeks
• Then add BP drugs
targeting <140/90
• Lifestyle changes
• Immediate BP
drugs targeting
<140/90
1−2 RF
• Lifestyle changes
• No BP intervention
• Lifestyle changes for
several weeks
• Then add BP drugs
targeting <140/90
• Lifestyle changes for
several weeks
• Then add BP drugs
targeting <140/90
• Lifestyle changes
• Immediate BP
drugs targeting
<140/90
≥3 RF
• Lifestyle changes
• No BP intervention
• Lifestyle changes for
several weeks
• Then add BP drugs
targeting <140/90
• Lifestyle changes
• BP drugs targeting
<140/90
• Lifestyle changes
• Immediate BP
drugs targeting
<140/90
OD, CKD stage 3 or diabetes
• Lifestyle changes
• No BP intervention
• Lifestyle changes
• BP drugs targeting
<140/90
• Lifestyle changes
• BP drugs targeting
<140/90
• Lifestyle changes
• Immediate BP
drugs targeting
<140/90
Symptomatic CVD, CKD stage
≥4 or diabetes with OD/RFs
• Lifestyle changes
• No BP intervention
• Lifestyle changes
• BP drugs targeting
<140/90
• Lifestyle changes
• BP drugs targeting
<140/90
• Lifestyle changes
• Immediate BP
drugs targeting
<140/90
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Blood pressure goals in hypertensive patients
SBP, systolic blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease;
DBP, diastolic blood pressure.
Recommendations
SBP goal for “most”
•Patients at low–moderate CV risk
•Patients with diabetes
•Consider with previous stroke or TIA
•Consider with CHD
•Consider with diabetic or non-diabetic CKD
<140 mmHg
SBP goal for elderly
•Ages <80 years
•Initial SBP ≥160 mmHg
140-150 mmHg
SBP goal for fit elderly
Aged <80 years
<140 mmHg
SBP goal for elderly >80 years with SBP
•≥160 mmHg
140-150 mmHg
DBP goal for “most” <90 mmHg
DB goal for patients with diabetes <85 mmHg
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Lifestyle changes for hypertensive patients
* Unless contraindicated. BMI, body mass index.
Recommendations to reduce BP and/or CV risk factors
Salt intake Restrict 5-6 g/day
Moderate alcohol intake Limit to 20-30 g/day men,
10-20 g/day women
Increase vegetable, fruit, low-fat dairy intake
BMI goal 25 kg/m2
Waist circumference goal Men: <102 cm (40 in.)*
Women: <88 cm (34 in.)*
Exercise goals ≥30 min/day, 5-7 days/week
(moderate, dynamic exercise)
Quit smoking
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Compelling indications for hypertension treatment
Class Contraindications
Compelling Possible
Diuretics
(thiazides)
Gout Metabolic syndrome
Glucose intolerance
Pregnancy
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalaemia
Beta-blockers Asthma
A–V block (grade 2 or 3)
Metabolic syndrome
Glucose intolerance
Athletes and physically active patients
COPD (except for vasodilator beta-blockers)
Calcium antagonists
(dihydropyridines)
Tachyarrhythmia
Heart failure
Calcium antagonists
(verapamil, diltiazem)
A–V block (grade 2 or 3, trifascicular block)
Severe LV dysfunction
Heart failure
ACE inhibitors Pregnancy
Angioneurotic oedema
Hyperkalaemia
Bilateral renal artery stenosis
Women with child bearing potential
Angiotensin receptor blockers Pregnancy
Hyperkalaemia
Bilateral renal artery stenosis
Women with child bearing potential
Mineralocorticoid
receptor antagonists
Acute or severe renal failure (eGFR <30 mL/min)
Hyperkalaemia
A-V, atrio-ventricular; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LV, left ventricular.
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Preferred hypertension treatment in specific conditions
Condition Drug
Asymptomatic organ damage
LVH LVH ACE inhibitor, calcium antagonist, ARB
Asymptomatic atherosclerosis Calcium antagonist, ACE inhibitor
Microalbuminuria ACE inhibitor, ARB
Renal dysfunction ACE inhibitor, ARB
Clinical CV event
Previous stroke Any agent effectively lowering BP
Previous myocardial infarction BB, ACE inhibitor, ARB
Angina pectoris BB, calcium antagonist
Heart failure Diuretic, BB, ACE inhibitor, ARB, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
Aortic aneurysm BB
Atrial fibrillation, prevention Consider ARB, ACE inhibitor, BB or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
Atrial fibrillation, ventricular rate control BB, non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist
ESRD/proteinuria ACE inhibitor, ARB
Peripheral artery disease ACE inhibitor, calcium antagonist
Other
ISH (elderly) Diuretic, calcium antagonist
Metabolic syndrome ACE inhibitor, ARB, calcium antagonist
Diabetes mellitus ACE inhibitor, ARB
Pregnancy Methyldopa, BB, calcium antagonist
Blacks Diuretic, calcium antagonist
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BB, beta-blocker; BP, blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular; ESRD, end-stage renal disease;
ISH, isolated systolic hypertension; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Monotherapy vs. drug combination strategies to achieve target BP
Moving from a less intensive to a more intensive therapeutic strategy
should be done whenever BP target is not achieved.
Choose between
Single agent Two–drug combination
Previous agent
at full dose
Switch
to different agent
Previous combination
at full dose
Add a third drug
Two drug
combination
at full doses
Mild BP elevation
Low/moderate CV risk
Marked BP elevation
High/very high CV risk
Three drug
combination
at full doses
Switch
to different two–drug
combination
Full dose
monotherapy
BP, blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular.
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Possible combinations of classes of antihypertensive drugs
Green continuous lines: preferred combinations; green dashed line: useful combination (with some limitations); black
dashed lines: possible but less well tested combinations; red continuous line: not recommended combination. Although
verapamil and diltiazem are sometimes used with a beta-blocker to improve ventricular rate control in permanent atrial
fibrillation, only dihydropyridine calcium antagonists should normally be combined with beta-blockers.
Thiazide diuretics
β-blockers Angiotensin-receptor
blockers
Other
antihypertensives
ACE inhibitors
Calcium
antagonists
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Clinical scenario Recommendations
Initiation and maintenance treatment
Monotheray or in combination
• Diuretics (thiazides, chlorthalidone,
indapamide)
• BBs
• CCBs
• ACE-I
• ARBs
Consider some agents as preferential choice in specific
conditions due to:
• Use in trials in those conditions
• Great effectiveness in specific types
of OD
Consider two-drug combination therapy in patient with: • High baseline BP
• High CV risk
Combination of two RAS antagonists Not recommended
Consider other drug combinations for BP reduction Most preferable option may be
combinations successfully used in trial
Combination therapy with fixed doses of two drugs in a
single tablet
May be recommended due to potential
for improved adherence
Hypertension treatment options
BB, beta-blocker; CCB, calcium channel blockers; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; OD, organ damage; BP, blood pressure; CV,
cardiovascular; RAS, renin–angiotensin system.
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Treatment for masked and white-coat hypertension
* Due to metabolic derangement or asymptomatic organ damage. CV, cardiovascular.
Recommendations
Maked hypertension
•Consider both lifestyle measures and antihypertensive drug treatment
White-coat hypertension
•No additional risk factors: lifestyle changes only with close follow-up
•High CV risk*: consider drug treatment in addition to lifesyle changes
Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Clinical scenario Recommendations
Elderly patients with SBP ≥160 mmHg • Reduce SBP to 140-150 mmHg
Fit elderly patients aged <80 years with initial
SBP ≥140 mmHg
• Consider antihypertensive treatment
• Target SBP: <140 mmHg
Elderly >80 years with initial SBP ≥160 mmHg • Reduce SBP to 140-150 mmHg
providing in good physical and mental condition
Frail elderly • Hypertension treatment decision at discretion of
treating clinician, based on monitoring of
treatment clinical effects
Continuation of well- tolerated hypertension
treatment
• Consider when patients become octogenarians
All hypertension treatment agents are
recommended and may be used in elderly
• Diuretics, CCBs, preferred for isolated systolic
hypertension
Hypertension treatment in the elderly
SBP, systolic blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blockers.
Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Clinical scenario Recommendations
Hormone therapy and selective estrogen receptor modulators • Not recommended; should be used for
primary or secondary CVD prevention
If treatment of younger perimenopausal women is considered
for severe menopausal symptoms
• Weigh risk/benefit profile
Drug treatment of severe hypertension in pregnangy
(SBP >160 mmHg or DBP >110 mmHg)
• Recommended
Pregnant women with persistent BP elevations ≥150/95 mmHg
BP ≥140/90 mmHg in presence of gestational hypertension,
subclinical OD, or symptoms
• Consider drug treatment
High risk of pre-eclampsia • Consider treating with low-dose aspirin
from 12 weeks until delivery
• Providing low risk of GI hemorrhage
Women with child-bearing potential • RAS blockers not recommended
Methyldopa, labetolol, nifedipine • Consider as preferential drugs in
pregnancy
• For pre-eclampsia: intravenous labetolol
or infusion of nitroprusside
Hypertension treatment for women
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BP, blood presure; OD, organ damage; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GI, gastrointestinal; RAS, renin–angiotensin
system.
Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Recommendations Additonal considerations
Mandatory: initiate drug treatment in patients
with SBP ≥160 mmHg
• Strongly recommended: start drug treatment
when SBP ≥140 mmHg
SBP goals for patients with diabetes: <140 mmHg
DBP goals for patients with diabetes: <85 mmHg
All hypertension treatment agents are
recommended and may be used in patients with
diabetes
• RAS blockers may be preferred
• Especially in presence of preoteinuria or
microalbuminuria
Choice of hypertension treatment must take comorbidities into account
Coadministration of RAS blockers not
recommended
• Avoid in patients with diabetes
Hypertension treatment for people with diabetes
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; RAS, renin–angiotensin system.
Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Recommendations Additonal considerations
Lifestyle changes for all • Especially weight loss and physical activity
• Improve BP and components of metabolic
syndrome, delay diabetes onset
Antihypertensive agents that potentially improve
– or not worsen – insulin sensitivity are
recommended
• RAS blockers
• CCBs
BBs and diuretics only as additional drugs • Preferably in combination with a potassium-
sparing agent
Prescribe antihypertensive drugs with particular
care in patients with metabolic disturbances
when…
• BP ≥140/90 mmHg after lifestyle changes to
mantain BP <140/90 mmHg
No drug treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome and high normal BP
Hypertension treatment for people with metabolic syndrome
BP, blood pressure; BB, beta blockers; CCB, calcium channel blockers; RAS, renin–angiotensin system.
Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Recommendations Additonal considerations
Consider lowering SBP to <140 mmHg
Consider SBP <130 mmHg with overt proteinuria • Monitor changes in eGFR
RAS blockers more effective to reduce
albuminuria than other agents
• Indicated in presence of microalbuminuria or
overt proteinuria
Combination therapy usually required to reach
BP goals
• Combine RAS blockers with other agents
Combination of two RAS blockers • Not recommended
Aldosterone antagonist not recommended in
CKD
• Especially in combination with a RAS blocker
• Risk of excessive reduction in renal function,
hyperkalemia
Hypertension treatment for people with nephropathy
SBP, systolic blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; RAS, renin–angiotensin system.
Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Recommendations Additonal considerations
Do not introduce antihypertensive treatment
during first week after acute stroke
• Irrispective of BP level
• Use clinical judgment with very high SBP
Introduce antihypertensive treatment in patients
with history of stroke or TIA
• Even when initial SBP is 140-159 mmHg
SBP goals for hypertensive patients with history of stroke or TIA: <140 mmHg
Consider higher SBP goal in elderly with previous stroke or TIA
All drug regimens recommended for stroke
prevention
• Provided BP is effectively reduced
Hypertension treatment for people with cerebrovascular disease
TIA, transient ischaemic attack; SBP, systolic blood pressure; BP, blood pressure.
Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Recommendations Additonal considerations
SBP goals for hypertensive patients with CHD: <140 mmHg
BBs for hypertensive patients with recent MI • Other CHD: other antihypertensive agents can
be used; BBs, CCBs preferred
Diuretics, BBs, ACE-I, ARBs, and/or
mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist for patients
with heart failure or severe LV dysfunction
• Reduce mortality and hospitalization
No evidence that any hypertension drug
beneficial for patients with heart failure and
preserved EF
• However, in these patients and patients with
hypertension and systolic dysfunction:
consider lowering SBP to 140 mmHg∼
• Guide treatment by symptom relief
Consider ACE-I and ARBs (and BBs and mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist in coexisting
heart failure) in patients at risk of new or recurrent AF
Antihypertensive therapy in all patients with LVH • Initiate treatment with an agent with greater
ability to regress LVH (ACE-I, ARBs, CCBs)
Hypertension treatment for people with heart disease
SBP, systolic blood pressure; BB, beta-blocker; MI, myocardial infarction; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; LV, left ventricular; EF,
ejection fraction; CHD, coronary heart disease; CCB, calcium channel blockers; AF, atrial fibrillation; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.
Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World
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2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Recommendations Additonal considerations
Consider CCBs and ACE-I in presence of carotid
atherosclerosis
• Greater efficay in delayng atherosclerosis than
diuretics, BBs
All antihypertensive drugs considered for
hypertensive patients with PWV >10 m/s
• Providing that reduction to <140/90 mmHg
consistently achieved
Drug therapy in hypertensive patients with PAD
to BP target: <140 mmHg
• Patients with PAD have high risk of MI, stroke,
heart failure, CV death
Consider BBs for treating arterial hypertension in
patients with PAD
• Careful follow-up necessary
• Use of BBs not associated with exacerbation
of PAD symptoms
Hypertension treatment for people with atherosclerosis,
arteriosclerosis, and PAD
PAS, peripheral artery disease; CCB, calcium channel blockers; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; PWV, pulse wave velocity; BP, blood pressure; BB, beta-blocker;
MI, myocardial infarction; CV, cardiovascular.
Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World
Powered by
2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Recommendations Additonal considerations
Withdraw any drugs in antihypetensive treatment regimen that have absent or minimal effect
Consider mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists,
amiloride, and the alpha-1-blocker doxazosin
should be considered (if no contraindication
exists)
• If no contraindications exist
Invasive approaches: renal denervation and
baroreceptor stimulation may be considered
• If drug treatment ineffective
No long-term efficay, safety data for renal denervation, baroreceptor stimulation – only
experienced clinicians should use
Diagnosis and follow-up should be restricted to hypertension Centres
Invasive approaches only for truly resistant
hypertensive patients
• Clinic values: SBP ≥160 mmHg or DBP ≥110
mmHg with BP elevation confirmed by ABPM
Hypertension treatment for people with resistant hypertension
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BP, blood pressure.
Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World
Powered by
2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension
The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
Recommendations Additonal considerations
Use statin therapy in hypertensive patients at
moderate to high CV risk
• LDL-C target: <3.0 mmol/L (<115 mg/dL)
Use statin therapy when overt CHD is present • LDL-C target: <1.8 mmol/L (<70mg/dL)
Use antiplatelet therapy, in particular low-dose aspirin,
for hypertensive patients with previous CV events
Consider aspirin therapy in hypertensive patients
with reduced renal function or High CV risk
• Providing that BP is well controlled
Aspirin not recommended for CV prevention in
low-moderate risk hypertensive patients
• Benefit and harm are equivalent
For hypertensive patients with diabetes… • Treat to a HbA1c target <7.0%
Fragile elderly patients with long diabetes
duration, more comorbidities and at high risk…
• Treat to a HbA1c target <7.5–8.0%
Treatment of risk factors associated with hypertension
CV, cardiovascular; CHD, coronary heart disease; BP, blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.

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Guias esh 2013

  • 1. Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension European Society of Hypertension European Society of Cardiology Journal of Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357
  • 2. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Definitions and classification of office BP levels (mmHg)* Category Systolic Diastolic Optimal <120 and <80 Normal 120–129 and/or 80–84 High normal 130–139 and/or 85–89 Grade 1 hypertension 140–159 and/or 90–99 Grade 2 hypertension 160–179 and/or 100–109 Grade 3 hypertension ≥180 and/or ≥110 Isolated systolic hypertension ≥140 and <90 * The blood pressure (BP) category is defined by the highest level of BP, whether systolic or diastolic. Isolated systolic hypertension should be graded 1, 2, or 3 according to systolic BP values in the ranges indicated. Hypertension: SBP >140 mmHg ± DBP >90 mmHg
  • 3. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Stratification of total CV risk in categories Stratification of total CV risk in categories of low, moderate, high and very high risk according to SBP and DBP and prevalence of RFs, asymptomatic OD, diabetes, CKD stage or symptomatic CVD. Subjects with a high normal office but a raised out-of-office BP (masked hypertension) have a CV risk in the hypertension range. Subjects with a high office BP but normal out-of-office BP (white-coat hypertension), particularly if there is no diabetes, OD, CVD or CKD, have lower risk than sustained hypertension for the same office BP. BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HT, hypertension; OD, organ damage; RF, risk factor; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Other risk factors, asymptomatic organ damage or disease Blood pressure (mmHg) High normal SBP 130−139 or DBP 85−89 Grade 1 HT SBP 140−159 or DBP 90−99 Grade 2 HT SBP 160−179 or DBP 100−109 Grade 3 HT SBP ≥180 or DBP ≥110 No other RF Low risk Moderate risk High risk 1−2 RF Low risk Moderate risk Moderate to high risk High risk ≥3 RF Low to moderate risk Moderate to high risk High risk High risk OD, CKD stage 3 or diabetes Moderate to high risk High risk High risk High to very high risk Symptomatic CVD, CKD stage ≥4 or diabetes with OD/RFs Very high risk Very high risk Very high risk Very high risk
  • 4. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Factors—other than office BP—influencing prognosis (used for stratification of total CV risk in prev. slide) BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; BSA, body surface area; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; EF, ejection fraction; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; IMT, intima-media thickness; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; LVM, left ventricular mass; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PWV, pulse wave velocity. a Risk maximal for concentric LVH: increased LVM index with a wall thickness/radius ratio of 0.42. Risk factors • Male sex • Age (men ≥55 years; women ≥65 years) • Smoking • Dyslipidaemia - Total cholesterol >4.9 mmol/L (190 mg/dL), and/or - Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >3.0 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), and/or - High-density lipoprotein cholesterol: men <1.0 mmol/L (40 mg/dL), women <1.2 mmol/L (46 mg/dL), and/or - Triglycerides >1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) • Fasting plasma glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/L (102–125 mg/dL) • Abnormal glucose tolerance test • Obesity [BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (height2 )] • Abdominal obesity (waist circumference: men ≥102 cm; women ≥88 cm) (in Caucasians) • Family history of premature CVD (men aged <55 years; women aged <65 years Diabetes Mellitus • Fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) on two repeated measurements, and/or • HbA1c >7% (53 mmol/mol), and/or • Post-load plasma glucose >11.0 mmol/L (198 mg/dL) Asymptomatic organ damage • Pulse pressure (in the elderly) ≥60 mmHg • Electrocardiographic LVH (Sokolow–Lyon index >3.5 mV; RaVL >1.1 mV; Cornell voltage duration product >244 mV*ms), or • Echocardiographic LVH [LVM index: men >115 g/m2 ; women >95 g/m2 (BSA)]a • Carotid wall thickening (IMT >0.9 mm) or plaque • Carotid-femoral PWV >10 m/s • Ankle/brachial BP index <0.9 • CKD with eGFR 30–60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (BSA) • Microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/24 h), or albumin–creatinine ratio (30–300 mg/g; 3.4–34 mg/mmol) (preferentially on morning spot urine) Established CV or renal disease • Cerebrovascular disease: ischaemic stroke; cerebral haemorrhage; transient ischaemic attack • CHD: myocardial infarction; angina; myocardial revascularization with PCI or CABG • Heart failure, including heart failure with preserved EF • Symptomatic lower extremities peripheral artery disease • CKD with eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73m2 (BSA); proteinuria (>300 mg/24 h) • Advanced retinopathy: haemorrhages or exudates, papilloedema
  • 5. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Individuals at higher CV risk - Summary Population at higher CV risk than indicated in stratification chart: •Sedentary subjects and those with central obesity •Socially deprived subjects and those from ethnic minorities •Subjects with elevated FPG and/or abnormal glucose tolerance test* •Persons with increased TG, fibrinogen, apoB, Ip(a), hs-CRP •Individuals with family history of premature CVD^ * Do not meet diabetes diagnostic criteria. ^ Men aged ≤55 yrs, women aged ≤65 yrs. apoB, apolipotrotein B; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; hs-CRP, high-sensivity C-reactive protein; Il(a), lipoprotein(a).
  • 6. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Diagnostic evaluation Initial evaluation should: •Confirm hypertension diagnosis •Detect causes of secondary hypertension •Assess CV risk, organ damage, and comorbidities Action steps: •Measure BP •Obtain medical history, including family history •Perform physical examination and laboratory tests •Perform further diagnostic tests * BP, blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular.
  • 7. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Office BP measurement When measuring BP in the office, care should be taken: •To allow the patients to sit for 3–5 minutes before beginning BP measurements •To take at least two BP measurements, in the sitting position, spaced 1–2 min apart, and additional measurements if the first two are quite different. Consider the average BP if deemed appropriate •To take repeated measurements of BP to improve accuracy in patients with arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation •To use a standard bladder (12–13 cm wide and 35 cm long), but have a larger and a smaller bladder available for large (arm circumference >32 cm) and thin arms, respectively •To have the cuff at the heart level, whatever the position of the patient •When adopting the auscultatory method, use phase I and V (disappearance) Korotkoff sounds to identify systolic and diastolic BP, respectively •To measure BP in both arms at first visit to detect possible differences. In this instance, take the arm with the higher value as the reference •To measure at first visit BP 1 and 3 min after assumption of the standing position in elderly subjects, diabetic patients, and in other conditions in which orthostatic hypotension may be frequent or suspected •To measure, in case of conventional BP measurement, heart rate by pulse palpation (at least 30 s) after the second measurement in the sitting position BP, blood pressure.
  • 8. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Definitions of hypertension by office and out-of-office BP levels Category Systolic BP (mmHg) Diastolic BP (mmHg) Office BP ≥140 and ≥90 Ambulatory BP Daytime (or awake) ≥135 and/or ≥85 Nighttime (or asleep) ≥120 and/or ≥70 24-h ≥130 and/or ≥80 Home BP ≥135 and/or ≥85 BP, blood pressure.
  • 9. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Clinical indications for out-of-office BP measurement for diagnostic purposes Clinical indications for HBPM or ABPM •Suspicion of white-coat hypertension -Grade I hypertension in the office -High office BP in individuals without asymptomatic organ damage and at low total CV risk •Suspicion of masked hypertension -High normal BP in the office -Normal office BP in individuals with asymptomatic organ damage or at high total CV risk •Identification of white-coat effect in hypertensive patients •Considerable variability of office BP over the same or different visits •Autonomic, postural, post-prandial, siesta- and drug- induced hypotension •Elevated office BP or suspected pre-eclampsia in pregnant women •Identification of true and false resistant hypertension BP, blood pressure; ABPM, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular; HBPM, home blood pressure monitoring. Specific indications for ABPM • Marked discordance between office BP and home BP • Assessment of dipping status • Suspicion of nocturnal hypertension or absence of dipping, such as in patients with sleep apnoea, CKD, or diabetes • Assessment of BP variability
  • 10. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Personal and family medical history BP, blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; CVD, cardiovascular disease; TIA, transient ischaemic attack. 1. Duration and previous level of high BP (including measurements at home) 2. Secondary hypertension • Family history of chronic kidney disease • History of renal disease, urinary tract infection, haematuria, analgesic abuse • Drug/substance use • Recurrent episodes of sweating, headache, anxiety, palpitations • Episodes of muscle weakness and tetany • Symptoms suggestive of thyroid disease 3. Risk factors • Family and personal history of HTN and CVD, dyslipidaemia, diabetes • Smoking • Dietary habits • Recent weight changes; obesity • Amount of physical exercise • Snoring; sleep apnoea • Low birth-weight 4. History and symptoms of organ damage and CVD • Brain and eyes • Heart • Kidney • Peripheral arteries • History of snoring/chronic lung disease/sleep apnoea • Cognitive dysfunction 5. Hypertension management • Current and past antihypertensive medication • Evidence of adherence or lack of adherence to therapy • Efficacy and adverse effects of drugs
  • 11. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Physical examination for secondary hypertension, organ damage and obesity BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; 1. Signs suggesting secondary hypertension • Features of Cushing syndrome • Skin stigmata of neurofibromatosis • Palpation of enlarged kidneys • Auscultation of abdominal murmurs • Auscultation of precordial or chest murmurs • Diminished and delayed femoral pulses • Left–right arm BP difference 2. Signs of organ damage • Brain: motor or sensory defects • Retina: fundoscopic abnormalities • Heart: heart rate, 3rd or 4th heart sound, murmurs, arrhythmias, location of apical impulse, pulmonary rales, peripheral oedema • Peripheral arteries: absence, reduction, or asymmetry of pulses, cold extremities, ischaemic skin lesions • Carotid arteries: systolic murmurs 3. Evidence of obesity • Weight and height • Calculate BMI • Waist circumference
  • 12. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Laboratory investigations FGP, Fasting plasma glucose; TC, serum total cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; BP, blood pressure; ECG, electrocardiogram; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. Confirm additional risk factors, secondary hypertension, absence or presence of organ damage 1. Routine tests Haemoglobin and/or haematocrit FGP TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG Serum potassium and sodium Serum uric acid Serum creatinine (include eGFR) Urine analysis 12-lead ECG 2. Additional tests HbA1c if FGP >5.6 mmol/L (102 mg/dL) or previous diabetes diagnosis Quantitative proteinuria Home and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring Echocardiogram Holter monitoring for arrhythmias Carotid ultrasound Peripheral artery/abdominal ultrasound Pulse wave velocity Ankle-brachial index Fundoscopy 3. Extended evaluation Cerebral, cardiac, renal, and vascular damage; mandatory in resistant and complicated hypertension Secondary hypertension when suggested by history, physical examination, or routine and additional tests
  • 13. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Predictive value, availability, reproducibility and cost– effectiveness of some markers of organ damage Marker CV predictive value Availability Reproducibility Cost effectiveness Electrocardiography +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Echocardiography, plus Doppler ++++ +++ +++ +++ Estimated glomerular filtration rate +++ ++++ ++++ ++++ Microalbuminuria +++ ++++ ++ ++++ Carotid intima–media thickness and plaque +++ +++ +++ +++ Arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity) +++ ++ +++ +++ Ankle–brachial index +++ +++ +++ +++ Fundoscopy +++ ++++ ++ +++ Additional measurements Coronary calcium score ++ + +++ + Endothelial dysfunction ++ + + + Cerebral lacunae/white matter lesions ++ + +++ + Cardiac magnetic resonance ++ + +++ ++ CV, cardiovascular. Scores are from + to ++++.
  • 14. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Clinical indications and diagnostics of secondary hypertension CT, computed tomography; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; RAA, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone. CLINICAL INDICATIONS DIAGNOSTICS Common causes Clinical history Physical examination Laboratory investigations First-line test(s) Additional/confirmat ory test(s) Renal parenchymal disease History of urinary tract infection or obstruction, haematuria, analgesic abuse; family history of polycystic kidney disease Abdominal masses (in case of polycystic kidney disease) Presence of protein, erythrocytes, or leucocytes in the urine, decreased GFR Renal ultrasound Detailed work-up for kidney disease Renal artery stenosis - Fibromuscular dysplasia: early onset hypertension (especially in women) - Atherosclerotic stenosis: hypertension of abrupt onset, worsening or Increasingly difficult to treat; flash pulmonary oedema Abdominal bruit Difference of >1.5 cm in length between the two kidneys (renal ultrasound), rapid deterioration in renal function (spontaneous or in response to RAA blockers) Renal Duplex Doppler ultrasonography Magnetic resonance angiography, spiral computed tomography, intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography Primary aldosteronism Muscle weakness; family history of early onset hypertension and cerebrovascular events at age <40 years Arrhythmias (in case of severe hypokalaemia) Hypokalaemia (spontaneous or diuretic- induced); incidental discovery of adrenal masses Aldosterone–renin ratio under standardized conditions (correction of hypokalaemia and withdrawal of drugs affecting RAA system) Confirmatory tests (oral sodium loading, saline infusion, fludrocortisone suppression, or captopril test); adrenal CT scan; adrenal vein sampling Uncommon causes Pheochromocytoma Paroxysmal hypertension or a crisis superimposed to sustained hypertension; headache, sweating, palpitations and pallor; positive family history of pheochromocytoma Skin stigmata of neurofibromatosis (café-au-lait spots, neurofibromas) Incidental discovery of adrenal (or in some cases, extra-adrenal) masses Measurement of urinary fractionated metanephrines or plasma-free metanephrines CT or MRI of the abdomen and pelvis; 123 I-labelled metaiodoben- zyl-guanidine scanning; genetic screening for pathogenic mutations Cushing’s syndrome Rapid weight gain, polyuria, polydipsia, psychological disturbances Typical body habitus (central obesity, moon- face, buffalo hump, red striae, hirsutism) Hyperglycaemia 24-h urinary cortisol excretion Dexamethasone- suppression tests
  • 15. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Initiation of lifestyle changes and antihypertensive drug treatment BP, blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HT, hypertension; OD, organ damage; RF, risk factor; SBP, systolic blood pressure. Other risk factors, asymptomatic organ damage or disease Blood pressure (mmHg) High normal SBP 130−139 or DBP 85−89 Grade 1 HT SBP 140−159 or DBP 90−99 Grade 2 HT SBP 160−179 or DBP 100−109 Grade 3 HT SBP ≥180 or DBP ≥110 No other RF • No BP intervention • Lifestyle changes for several months • Then add BP drugs targeting <140/90 • Lifestyle changes for several weeks • Then add BP drugs targeting <140/90 • Lifestyle changes • Immediate BP drugs targeting <140/90 1−2 RF • Lifestyle changes • No BP intervention • Lifestyle changes for several weeks • Then add BP drugs targeting <140/90 • Lifestyle changes for several weeks • Then add BP drugs targeting <140/90 • Lifestyle changes • Immediate BP drugs targeting <140/90 ≥3 RF • Lifestyle changes • No BP intervention • Lifestyle changes for several weeks • Then add BP drugs targeting <140/90 • Lifestyle changes • BP drugs targeting <140/90 • Lifestyle changes • Immediate BP drugs targeting <140/90 OD, CKD stage 3 or diabetes • Lifestyle changes • No BP intervention • Lifestyle changes • BP drugs targeting <140/90 • Lifestyle changes • BP drugs targeting <140/90 • Lifestyle changes • Immediate BP drugs targeting <140/90 Symptomatic CVD, CKD stage ≥4 or diabetes with OD/RFs • Lifestyle changes • No BP intervention • Lifestyle changes • BP drugs targeting <140/90 • Lifestyle changes • BP drugs targeting <140/90 • Lifestyle changes • Immediate BP drugs targeting <140/90
  • 16. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Blood pressure goals in hypertensive patients SBP, systolic blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; CHD, coronary heart disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure. Recommendations SBP goal for “most” •Patients at low–moderate CV risk •Patients with diabetes •Consider with previous stroke or TIA •Consider with CHD •Consider with diabetic or non-diabetic CKD <140 mmHg SBP goal for elderly •Ages <80 years •Initial SBP ≥160 mmHg 140-150 mmHg SBP goal for fit elderly Aged <80 years <140 mmHg SBP goal for elderly >80 years with SBP •≥160 mmHg 140-150 mmHg DBP goal for “most” <90 mmHg DB goal for patients with diabetes <85 mmHg
  • 17. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Lifestyle changes for hypertensive patients * Unless contraindicated. BMI, body mass index. Recommendations to reduce BP and/or CV risk factors Salt intake Restrict 5-6 g/day Moderate alcohol intake Limit to 20-30 g/day men, 10-20 g/day women Increase vegetable, fruit, low-fat dairy intake BMI goal 25 kg/m2 Waist circumference goal Men: <102 cm (40 in.)* Women: <88 cm (34 in.)* Exercise goals ≥30 min/day, 5-7 days/week (moderate, dynamic exercise) Quit smoking
  • 18. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Compelling indications for hypertension treatment Class Contraindications Compelling Possible Diuretics (thiazides) Gout Metabolic syndrome Glucose intolerance Pregnancy Hypercalcemia Hypokalaemia Beta-blockers Asthma A–V block (grade 2 or 3) Metabolic syndrome Glucose intolerance Athletes and physically active patients COPD (except for vasodilator beta-blockers) Calcium antagonists (dihydropyridines) Tachyarrhythmia Heart failure Calcium antagonists (verapamil, diltiazem) A–V block (grade 2 or 3, trifascicular block) Severe LV dysfunction Heart failure ACE inhibitors Pregnancy Angioneurotic oedema Hyperkalaemia Bilateral renal artery stenosis Women with child bearing potential Angiotensin receptor blockers Pregnancy Hyperkalaemia Bilateral renal artery stenosis Women with child bearing potential Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists Acute or severe renal failure (eGFR <30 mL/min) Hyperkalaemia A-V, atrio-ventricular; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LV, left ventricular.
  • 19. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Preferred hypertension treatment in specific conditions Condition Drug Asymptomatic organ damage LVH LVH ACE inhibitor, calcium antagonist, ARB Asymptomatic atherosclerosis Calcium antagonist, ACE inhibitor Microalbuminuria ACE inhibitor, ARB Renal dysfunction ACE inhibitor, ARB Clinical CV event Previous stroke Any agent effectively lowering BP Previous myocardial infarction BB, ACE inhibitor, ARB Angina pectoris BB, calcium antagonist Heart failure Diuretic, BB, ACE inhibitor, ARB, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists Aortic aneurysm BB Atrial fibrillation, prevention Consider ARB, ACE inhibitor, BB or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist Atrial fibrillation, ventricular rate control BB, non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist ESRD/proteinuria ACE inhibitor, ARB Peripheral artery disease ACE inhibitor, calcium antagonist Other ISH (elderly) Diuretic, calcium antagonist Metabolic syndrome ACE inhibitor, ARB, calcium antagonist Diabetes mellitus ACE inhibitor, ARB Pregnancy Methyldopa, BB, calcium antagonist Blacks Diuretic, calcium antagonist ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BB, beta-blocker; BP, blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; ISH, isolated systolic hypertension; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.
  • 20. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Monotherapy vs. drug combination strategies to achieve target BP Moving from a less intensive to a more intensive therapeutic strategy should be done whenever BP target is not achieved. Choose between Single agent Two–drug combination Previous agent at full dose Switch to different agent Previous combination at full dose Add a third drug Two drug combination at full doses Mild BP elevation Low/moderate CV risk Marked BP elevation High/very high CV risk Three drug combination at full doses Switch to different two–drug combination Full dose monotherapy BP, blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular.
  • 21. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Possible combinations of classes of antihypertensive drugs Green continuous lines: preferred combinations; green dashed line: useful combination (with some limitations); black dashed lines: possible but less well tested combinations; red continuous line: not recommended combination. Although verapamil and diltiazem are sometimes used with a beta-blocker to improve ventricular rate control in permanent atrial fibrillation, only dihydropyridine calcium antagonists should normally be combined with beta-blockers. Thiazide diuretics β-blockers Angiotensin-receptor blockers Other antihypertensives ACE inhibitors Calcium antagonists
  • 22. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Clinical scenario Recommendations Initiation and maintenance treatment Monotheray or in combination • Diuretics (thiazides, chlorthalidone, indapamide) • BBs • CCBs • ACE-I • ARBs Consider some agents as preferential choice in specific conditions due to: • Use in trials in those conditions • Great effectiveness in specific types of OD Consider two-drug combination therapy in patient with: • High baseline BP • High CV risk Combination of two RAS antagonists Not recommended Consider other drug combinations for BP reduction Most preferable option may be combinations successfully used in trial Combination therapy with fixed doses of two drugs in a single tablet May be recommended due to potential for improved adherence Hypertension treatment options BB, beta-blocker; CCB, calcium channel blockers; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; OD, organ damage; BP, blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular; RAS, renin–angiotensin system.
  • 23. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Treatment for masked and white-coat hypertension * Due to metabolic derangement or asymptomatic organ damage. CV, cardiovascular. Recommendations Maked hypertension •Consider both lifestyle measures and antihypertensive drug treatment White-coat hypertension •No additional risk factors: lifestyle changes only with close follow-up •High CV risk*: consider drug treatment in addition to lifesyle changes
  • 24. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Clinical scenario Recommendations Elderly patients with SBP ≥160 mmHg • Reduce SBP to 140-150 mmHg Fit elderly patients aged <80 years with initial SBP ≥140 mmHg • Consider antihypertensive treatment • Target SBP: <140 mmHg Elderly >80 years with initial SBP ≥160 mmHg • Reduce SBP to 140-150 mmHg providing in good physical and mental condition Frail elderly • Hypertension treatment decision at discretion of treating clinician, based on monitoring of treatment clinical effects Continuation of well- tolerated hypertension treatment • Consider when patients become octogenarians All hypertension treatment agents are recommended and may be used in elderly • Diuretics, CCBs, preferred for isolated systolic hypertension Hypertension treatment in the elderly SBP, systolic blood pressure; CCB, calcium channel blockers.
  • 25. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Clinical scenario Recommendations Hormone therapy and selective estrogen receptor modulators • Not recommended; should be used for primary or secondary CVD prevention If treatment of younger perimenopausal women is considered for severe menopausal symptoms • Weigh risk/benefit profile Drug treatment of severe hypertension in pregnangy (SBP >160 mmHg or DBP >110 mmHg) • Recommended Pregnant women with persistent BP elevations ≥150/95 mmHg BP ≥140/90 mmHg in presence of gestational hypertension, subclinical OD, or symptoms • Consider drug treatment High risk of pre-eclampsia • Consider treating with low-dose aspirin from 12 weeks until delivery • Providing low risk of GI hemorrhage Women with child-bearing potential • RAS blockers not recommended Methyldopa, labetolol, nifedipine • Consider as preferential drugs in pregnancy • For pre-eclampsia: intravenous labetolol or infusion of nitroprusside Hypertension treatment for women SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BP, blood presure; OD, organ damage; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GI, gastrointestinal; RAS, renin–angiotensin system.
  • 26. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Recommendations Additonal considerations Mandatory: initiate drug treatment in patients with SBP ≥160 mmHg • Strongly recommended: start drug treatment when SBP ≥140 mmHg SBP goals for patients with diabetes: <140 mmHg DBP goals for patients with diabetes: <85 mmHg All hypertension treatment agents are recommended and may be used in patients with diabetes • RAS blockers may be preferred • Especially in presence of preoteinuria or microalbuminuria Choice of hypertension treatment must take comorbidities into account Coadministration of RAS blockers not recommended • Avoid in patients with diabetes Hypertension treatment for people with diabetes SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; RAS, renin–angiotensin system.
  • 27. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Recommendations Additonal considerations Lifestyle changes for all • Especially weight loss and physical activity • Improve BP and components of metabolic syndrome, delay diabetes onset Antihypertensive agents that potentially improve – or not worsen – insulin sensitivity are recommended • RAS blockers • CCBs BBs and diuretics only as additional drugs • Preferably in combination with a potassium- sparing agent Prescribe antihypertensive drugs with particular care in patients with metabolic disturbances when… • BP ≥140/90 mmHg after lifestyle changes to mantain BP <140/90 mmHg No drug treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome and high normal BP Hypertension treatment for people with metabolic syndrome BP, blood pressure; BB, beta blockers; CCB, calcium channel blockers; RAS, renin–angiotensin system.
  • 28. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Recommendations Additonal considerations Consider lowering SBP to <140 mmHg Consider SBP <130 mmHg with overt proteinuria • Monitor changes in eGFR RAS blockers more effective to reduce albuminuria than other agents • Indicated in presence of microalbuminuria or overt proteinuria Combination therapy usually required to reach BP goals • Combine RAS blockers with other agents Combination of two RAS blockers • Not recommended Aldosterone antagonist not recommended in CKD • Especially in combination with a RAS blocker • Risk of excessive reduction in renal function, hyperkalemia Hypertension treatment for people with nephropathy SBP, systolic blood pressure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; RAS, renin–angiotensin system.
  • 29. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Recommendations Additonal considerations Do not introduce antihypertensive treatment during first week after acute stroke • Irrispective of BP level • Use clinical judgment with very high SBP Introduce antihypertensive treatment in patients with history of stroke or TIA • Even when initial SBP is 140-159 mmHg SBP goals for hypertensive patients with history of stroke or TIA: <140 mmHg Consider higher SBP goal in elderly with previous stroke or TIA All drug regimens recommended for stroke prevention • Provided BP is effectively reduced Hypertension treatment for people with cerebrovascular disease TIA, transient ischaemic attack; SBP, systolic blood pressure; BP, blood pressure.
  • 30. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Recommendations Additonal considerations SBP goals for hypertensive patients with CHD: <140 mmHg BBs for hypertensive patients with recent MI • Other CHD: other antihypertensive agents can be used; BBs, CCBs preferred Diuretics, BBs, ACE-I, ARBs, and/or mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist for patients with heart failure or severe LV dysfunction • Reduce mortality and hospitalization No evidence that any hypertension drug beneficial for patients with heart failure and preserved EF • However, in these patients and patients with hypertension and systolic dysfunction: consider lowering SBP to 140 mmHg∼ • Guide treatment by symptom relief Consider ACE-I and ARBs (and BBs and mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist in coexisting heart failure) in patients at risk of new or recurrent AF Antihypertensive therapy in all patients with LVH • Initiate treatment with an agent with greater ability to regress LVH (ACE-I, ARBs, CCBs) Hypertension treatment for people with heart disease SBP, systolic blood pressure; BB, beta-blocker; MI, myocardial infarction; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; LV, left ventricular; EF, ejection fraction; CHD, coronary heart disease; CCB, calcium channel blockers; AF, atrial fibrillation; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.
  • 31. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Recommendations Additonal considerations Consider CCBs and ACE-I in presence of carotid atherosclerosis • Greater efficay in delayng atherosclerosis than diuretics, BBs All antihypertensive drugs considered for hypertensive patients with PWV >10 m/s • Providing that reduction to <140/90 mmHg consistently achieved Drug therapy in hypertensive patients with PAD to BP target: <140 mmHg • Patients with PAD have high risk of MI, stroke, heart failure, CV death Consider BBs for treating arterial hypertension in patients with PAD • Careful follow-up necessary • Use of BBs not associated with exacerbation of PAD symptoms Hypertension treatment for people with atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, and PAD PAS, peripheral artery disease; CCB, calcium channel blockers; ACE-I, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor; PWV, pulse wave velocity; BP, blood pressure; BB, beta-blocker; MI, myocardial infarction; CV, cardiovascular.
  • 32. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Recommendations Additonal considerations Withdraw any drugs in antihypetensive treatment regimen that have absent or minimal effect Consider mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, amiloride, and the alpha-1-blocker doxazosin should be considered (if no contraindication exists) • If no contraindications exist Invasive approaches: renal denervation and baroreceptor stimulation may be considered • If drug treatment ineffective No long-term efficay, safety data for renal denervation, baroreceptor stimulation – only experienced clinicians should use Diagnosis and follow-up should be restricted to hypertension Centres Invasive approaches only for truly resistant hypertensive patients • Clinic values: SBP ≥160 mmHg or DBP ≥110 mmHg with BP elevation confirmed by ABPM Hypertension treatment for people with resistant hypertension SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BP, blood pressure.
  • 33. Medical Education & Information – for all Media, all Disciplines, from all over the World Powered by 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) - J Hypertension 2013;31:1281-1357 Recommendations Additonal considerations Use statin therapy in hypertensive patients at moderate to high CV risk • LDL-C target: <3.0 mmol/L (<115 mg/dL) Use statin therapy when overt CHD is present • LDL-C target: <1.8 mmol/L (<70mg/dL) Use antiplatelet therapy, in particular low-dose aspirin, for hypertensive patients with previous CV events Consider aspirin therapy in hypertensive patients with reduced renal function or High CV risk • Providing that BP is well controlled Aspirin not recommended for CV prevention in low-moderate risk hypertensive patients • Benefit and harm are equivalent For hypertensive patients with diabetes… • Treat to a HbA1c target <7.0% Fragile elderly patients with long diabetes duration, more comorbidities and at high risk… • Treat to a HbA1c target <7.5–8.0% Treatment of risk factors associated with hypertension CV, cardiovascular; CHD, coronary heart disease; BP, blood pressure; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin.