3. Mongol Empire
Attacked:
China
Byzantium
Russia
Muslim Regions
Live in steppes (grassy plains of Central Asia)
Home to many nomadic tribes
Food for their herds/flocks
Largest empire in history
More territory in 25 years than Roman Empire in 400 years
4. Ended
Well
Abbasid
organized
Dynasty &
army
Seljuk Turks
Overtook
Expert
Muslim
horsemen
states
Vicious
Conquered
all of China Mongols attacks on
villages
5. Genghis Khan “Universal Ruler”
United all Mongols under one rule
Believed he had divine commission to
conquer the world
Well organized army that moved at
lightning speed
Had lots of wives and children
6.
7. Yuan Dynasty (1279 –
1368)
Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan)
Conquered all of China
Established Yuan Dynasty in China
Moved capital to modern day Beijing
Built highways or trade and communication
Invited foreign scholars, artists, missionaries,
merchants, engineers into China
Employed them in government positions
Excluded Chinese from government positions
8. After death, empire breaks apart
Chinese drive out Mongols in 1368
Establish Ming Dynasty
Government control back in Chinese hands
Adopt isolationist and anti foreign attitude
Closed China to outsiders
Marco Polo visited China
Lived there for 17 years
First time Europeans learned about life in China
9. Golden Horde in Russia
Bhatu Khan (another grandson of Genghis Khan)
Leads Mongols into Europe (Hungary & Poland)
Europeans call them “Tartars” (Greek word for hell)
Ruled in Russia for 200 years
Tribute from Russian people
Recruits for their army
Russian ties with Western Europe and Byzantine Empire
are weakened
Moscow grows into powerful capital
10. Reasons for Moscow’s Growth in
Importance
1. Center of inland waterways
2. Location good for trade and defense
3. Leaders of Moscow cooperated with Mongols
Tax collectors for Mongols
Mongols allowed them limited authority
4. Became religious center (head of church move from Kiev)
As Moscow grows in power, Mongol power decreases
14th century princes openly challenge Mongol overlords
Ivan III (1462- 1505)
Refused to pay tribute to Mongols
1480- throw out Mongols
Autocratic ruler of independent state of Russia
11. Tamerlane Empire
Late 14th century
Claimed to be descendant of Genghis Khan (merciless & cruel)
Wanted to rebuild Mongol Empire
Raised army and began new wave of invasions
Captured Damascus and Baghdad
Defeated Ottoman Turks
Weakened Golden Horde (*Helped Russian independence)
Entered India 1398
Destroyed capital – Delhi
Killed 100,00 people
Died while planning to invade China
12. Mughal Empire
Babur (“The Tiger”)
Descendant of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane
Leader of Turkish Mongol tribes in Afghanistan
1526- establish Mughal dynasty at Delhi, India
Increased
Indian
Unity Established
Reforms for
law and
People
order
Fostered
Muslim
achievement
Rulers
in the arts
Akbar =
Religious Mughal
greatest
Tolerance Empire
leader
14. • contact between Sub-Saharan Africa and Eurasia limited by the Sahara
Desert.
• One major consequence = lack of access to the innovations of Southwest
Asia
• agriculture, writing, smelting, and the wheel
• Agriculture reached Africa in first centuries AD (elsewhere started 3000 BC)
• Cities developed in Middle Ages AD
15. Ancient African Kingdoms
Kush (Northern Sudan)
Originally part of Egyptian Empire
Overthrew Egypt rulers 700 BC
Took control over Egypt and made their own pharaohs
Eventually fell to Aksum
Aksum (Axum)
Embraced Christianity
Missionary from Syria Frumentius
Traded with Roman Empire, control Red Sea Trade
Later becomes country of Ethiopia
16. Central Africa
Middle Ages
Kanem Bornu (800 – 1846)
around Lake Chad
Part of camel caravan trade
Strong military force
17. Western Africa
Ghana - Wealth from gold mines
Mali - Caravan trade route
- Niger River proximity
Songhai
18. Western Africa
Middle Ages
1. Ghana- 700-1200
Attacked by Muslims and weakened
2. Mali- 1200 – 1500
Mansa Musa (most famous king)
Muslim, pilgrimage to Mecca
Took 60,000 people with him
10,000 pounds of gold
Timbuktu = capital
Africa’s most important center of trade
3. Songhai
Larger than Ghana and Mali
Sought after wealth, not military power
Moroccans invaded 1591 and ended empire
19. Eastern African City-States
East Coast of Africa had many important trading ports
Each port an important city state
Since time of roman empire still thriving today
Outlets for ivory, gold, iron and animal skins
Shared similar culture:
Arab
Persian
African
Shared similar language: Swahili
Prospered for centuries until pressure
from Europeans & interior tribes
20. Kilwa- “ one of most beautiful and well
constructed towns of the world”
Flourished between 1100-1500 AD
Received goods from inland tribes; sold them to Arab sea
traders
Grew in wealth and culture
21. Benin- Forest Kingdom
Southern Nigeria flourished 1300s-1800s
Provided goods for eastern cities to sell
Produced fine statues and relief sculptures in bronze
22. African Culture
Family – basic social unit
Polygamy was common
Family Clan Tribe (Ethnic Group)
Religion
Areas of Christianity and Islam
Tribal Religions = One big god, many smaller gods
Human sacrifice to keep gods happy
Livelihood
Farming/herding
Trading- gold, ivory, animal skins
Europeans sail into port cities to trade
Slave trade demands more slaves
Main reason for European contact with Africa after 1500s