info_processing
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The document summarizes several principles of human memory and information organization. It describes the stage theory model of memory, which asserts that memory develops through sensory input, short-term memory, and long-term memory stages. It also discusses concepts like Miller's magic number and techniques for organizing information like the inverted pyramid structure and LATCH model. The document provides examples and references on topics in perception, cognition, and information design.
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info_processing
- 2. MEMORY
- 3. stage theory model Also know as the Atkinson + Shiffrin Model Asserts that human memory develops in three specific stages: 1. Sensory input 2. Short-term memory 3. Long-term memory
- 4. sensory input Also called notice Senses recognize + momentarily store incoming environmental stimuli Brain either filters out this stimuli or transfers it to short-term memory
- 5. short-term memory Also called storage Can begin to process information in an active + conscious way Can discard information or continue thinking about it The latter creates a rehearsal/feedback loop
- 6. long-term memory Permanent depository where information is stored + retrieved when it is needed Storage in long-term memory is indefinite
- 9. miller’s magic number Result of short-term memory stud- ies by George Miller, a psychology professor at Harvard in the 1950s Determined that the human brain can remember seven “chunks”, or single units of information, plus or minus two
- 10. which telephone number is easier to remember?
- 12. the colours of the visible light spectrum can be more easily remembered through a mnemonic device.
- 13. ROY G BIV
- 14. PERCEPTION
- 15. weber’s law Also called Law of Just Noticeable Differences Defines minimum amount of change required for an individual to take notice Amount of change remains constant + can be predicted for future stimuli
- 16. which weights of a type- face can the average audience easily identify?
- 18. cleveland’s task model Developed by William S. Cleveland at Purdue University Pertains to how readers processes charts + graphs Readers use graphs to obtain both general + specific details
- 19. pattern perception User sees trends in the data Can make broad, comprehensive conclusions about a graph’s content Individual variables are not as im- portant as an overall understanding of the content
- 20. 41% 34% 21% 16%
- 21. table lookup Requires the reader to undertake an analysis of more detailed content Reader is making determinations about a single subject + its relation- ship to the rest of the graph Information being processed is a detail of a larger whole
- 22. 41% 34% 21% 16%
- 24. inverted pyramid Style of writing common in journalism Places most important or newsworthy information at the beginning of the story Orders the remaining information based on relative importance
- 26. principle of least effort Developed by Thomas Mann, a librarian at the US Library of Congress Regardless of experience, users will naturally gravitate towards familiar + easy tools, even if the resulting yield is poor
- 27. a weekday edition of the new york times contains more information than the average person was likely to come across in a lifetime in 17th-century england.
- 28. LATCH Model for organizing information developed by Richard Saul Wurman Contains only five ways of grouping content
- 30. location Structures information based on physical geography Examples include maps, transporta- tion routes, + travel guides Use when physical connections are important to understanding
- 31. asia china japan europe france germany italy spain uk north america canada usa south america mexico united nations members by location
- 32. alphabet Bases content structure on letter sequence Very familiar to most audiences Examples include dictionaries, encyclopedias, + telephone books Recommended for placing very specific content in a large pool of information
- 33. canada china france germany italy japan mexico spain uk usa united nations members alphabetically
- 34. time Useful when users need to understand the sequence of events Examples include calendars, arrival/ departure boards, + timelines Recommended when chain of events is highly relevant to context
- 35. 1945 canada china mexico uk usa 1955 italy spain 1956 japan france 1973 germany united nations members by date of entry
- 36. category Group information with similar features or attributes Examples include e-commerce websites + scientific classifications Recommended when connections be- tween information sets are important
- 37. security council permanent members china france uk usa elected to security council in 2008 italy elected to security council prior to 2008 canada germany japan united nations members by category
- 38. hierarchy Organizes information by measure or by perceived importance Examples include emergency instructions + military insignia Recommended when necessary to assign weight or value to the order of information
- 39. usa 22% japan 19.4% germany 8.6% uk 6.1% france 6% italy 4.8% canada 2.8% spain 2.5% china 2% mexico 1.8% percentage of contribution to united nations general budget
- 42. references Cleveland, William S. Visualizing Data. Hobart Press, 1993. Visocky O’Grady, Ken & Jenn. The Information Design Handbook. HOW Books, 2008. Wurman, Richard Saul. Information Anxiety. Bantam Books, 1990.