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 Minoan
 Trading community on
the island of Crete
 Highly advanced for
the time
 Capital: Knossos
 Labyrinth and
Minotaur myth
 Around 1600 BC:
disappears
 May be the lost
civilization of Atlantis
(destroyed by volcanic
explosion of Thera)
 under the palace of
Knossos was a huge
intricate labyrinth
(maze)
 At the center lay a
minataur (1/2 man + ½
bull)
 Sacrifices were
required to satisfy the
Minataur
 In reality – young
slaves forced by
priests into the maze
and then killed
 Minataur would then
protect the people of
Knossos
 Mycenaean
 Powerful city-state on
the Greek mainland
 Writing System: Linear
A and Linear B
 (still being studied and is
not really understood)
 Much is still unknown
about this civilization
 Iliad and the Odyssey
◦ Story of the Trojan War
◦ Written by Homer
◦ Shows the ideal Greek hero as
being one who outsmarts his
enemies
◦ Greeks see themselves
grounded in logic and
reasoning
 Written by a blind
poet named Homer
 Story of the Trojan
War between
“Greeks” and Troy
 Tells story of the how
the Greek heroes use
intellect to outsmart
their enemies rather
than just fighting them
 Use of the Trojan
Horse is a great
example of Greek
intellect over an
enemy
No “Greece” in 400 BCE
Really a collection of city-states:
◦separate political units
◦united by a common culture
Largest city-states and rivals:
◦Athens and Sparta
 On the sea –
trading center
 Very wealthy
with a great navy
 Individuals
matter – freedom
rules
 Democracy – every
citizen votes on
every law
 Sets the ideal structure
for democracies and
republics of the present
 Problem – what if they
vote for a bad law?
 Problem – no protection
from the mob
 Capitalism – economy
based on individuals
and trade
 Gives people an
incentive to make
money
 Problem – capitalism
leads to inequality and
poverty for some –
wealth and success for
others
 Ruled by a military
dictatorship / council
 Society runs on absolute
obedience to the state –
even women have roles to
play
 Society of absolute equality
– unique in the ancient
world
 Individualism is suppressed
for the good of the state
 Men – serve in the army
from age 7
 Women – serve the state
by having babies for the
army
 Disobedience and waste
is forbidden
 Spartan army is the most
efficient fighting
machine in the ancient
world
 Foundation for Western Civilization
◦Greek Science and Mathematics
◦Humanism – man can observe and
figure out his own world based on
reasoning
◦Greek Philosophy – development of
logical reasoning
 Astronomy
◦ Earth is Round – based on lunar Eclipse
◦ Earth’s circumference determined (quite accurately) using math
and observation
◦ Geocentric model of the universe
 Model based on observation and reasoning
 Puts the Earth at the center of the universe
 Everything revolves around the Earth
 Greek Medicine
◦ Hippocrates – developed ideas behind the Four Humors
 Tried to observe then diagnose
 Step towards modern medicine
 Development of Geometry
◦ Mathematics of Space and volume
◦ Mathematical principles based on a logical reasoning
 Idea that man
can figure out the
world around him
by observation
and logical
reasoning
 Model based on
observation of
the sky and
logical reasoning
 Puts the Earth at
the center of the
universe
 Everything
revolves around
the Earth
 Observe and diagnose
based on observation
 Hippocrates– father of
medicine
 Four fluids in the body
◦ Blood
◦ Phlegm
◦ Yellow bile
◦ Black bile
 Geometery – “earth
measure”
 Mathematics based on
observation and logical
reasoning
 Pytharogas – classical
Greek Mathmatician
 Pythagorean theorem
◦ The area of the square
built upon the hypotenuse
of a right triangle is equal
to the sum of the areas of
the squares upon the
remaining sides.
 Philosophy – The search for Wisdom
 Philosopher – one who seeks wisdom
 Wisdom
◦ Different from facts and knowledge
◦ Uses facts and knowledge to understand how to question
◦ Really just the search for knowledge
◦ Best described in Plato’s Analogy of the Cave
Socrates at his Death
 Born in Athens -- 469 BC
 Originally a stonecutter
 Told by the Oracle at Delphi at the Temple
of Apollo that he was the wisest man in
Athens and spent the remainder of his life
trying to prove her wrong – he never did
 Went around Athens asking questions and
trying to find “wise” people
 Teacher (called “Master”)– people left
everything to follow him (similar to Jesus)
 Greatest student – Plato
 Question Everything – the answers
themselves don’t matter, as long as one
understands the need to question
 Sentenced to death by Athenian court for
corrupting the youth in 399 BC
Plato (from the painting
“School of Athens”
 Socrates’ greatest student
 Recorded the life and wisdom of
Socrates
 Wrote a series of dialogues – like
reading conversations between
Socrates and the citizens of Athens
 Question Everything (from
Socrates), but if one asked the right
questions, one would eventually
come up with the correct answers
(True Forms)
 Most famous book – The Republic
 Plato’s greatest book – done in a series of chapters
(called books by Plato)
 True form of government – The Republic (people vote
for reps – reps vote on the laws for the people)
 True form of reps – “philosopher kings”
 How does one become a philosopher? Develop wisdom
 How does one develop wisdom? Understand the “cave”
and get out of it.
Aristotle
 Student of Plato
 Mathematician, philosopher and
scientist
 Developed the idea behind logical
reasoning
 True forms are only true if they
can be defended by logic
 Answers to questions then, can
be different and yet both answers
can be right, depending on one’s
perspective
 Only had one student: Alexander
the Great – he would take the
ideas of Ancient Greece and
spread them around the known
world
 United Greece vs. Persian Empire
 Started with Greek Revolts in Asia Minor
 The Greeks turned to Athens for help
 Persia responded by trying to invade Greece
 490 BCE – Battle of Marathon
◦ Greek Army defeats Persians
◦ Greek soldier runs from the battlefield to Athens
(26.2 miles) – screams “nike!” (victory) and then
collapses and dies
 Xerxes – Persian “God-king” – amassed a huge army and navy
to punish the Greek City states
 Reports vary, but the Persian army was at least 200,000 strong
(ancient reports say 2 million)
 Xerxes decided to invade from the north and to sweep through
Greece
 Battle of Thermopyle (Aug 480 BCE)
◦ Leonidas of Sparta led 300 of his guards to the “hot gates” and cut off the
Persians
◦ Persians sent wave after wave against the Spartans
◦ Persian victory, but the valiant loss inspires and rallies the rest of Greek
city states
 Battle of Plataea (Jun 479 BCE)
◦ United Greek force (led by the Spartans and the Athenians) defeated a
much larger Persian army
◦ Persian army remnants retreated back to Asia Minor
 Athens vs. Sparta
 Athens – great navy
 Sparta – great army
 War started when Athens
imposed trade restrictions
on Sparta’s allies
 Sparta retalitated and went
to war against Athens
 Sparta eventually laid seige
to Athens and forced the
city to surrender
 War weakened all of
Greece & left it weak
 Son of Macedonian king
Phillip II
 Educated by Aristotle –
taught to revere Greek
ideas of humanism,
philosophy, science and
medicine
 Becomes king at age 21
when his father is killed
during the Macedonian
invasion of Greece
 Subdued Greece by
force, but then
incorporated Greek
fighters into his army
 Invaded Asia Minor to
go after Persia in 334
BCE
 Persian Empire (from
Egypt to Indian
subcontinent) quickly fell
to Alexander by 329
BCE
 Although Alexander
wanted to go after India,
his soldiers were tired and
wanted to go home
 Problem – many of the
governors appointed by
Alexander to control
territories in his new
empire were corrupt
 Alexander died under
mysterious circumstances
in 323 BCE in Babylon (he
may have been poisoned)
 Greek culture adn
philosophy spread
across the known world
(important for later units)
 Establishment of many
different “Alexandria”
cities
 Inspiration for military
leaders for the next 2300
years
 After the general was
gone, the Empire was
divided by his
subordinate officers
 Most important to
western history:
Ptolemaic Empire –
Egypt (kings take the
title of pharoahs)
 Greek Culture, Science, Humanism and
Philosophy becomes mixed with other
cultures. This hybrid culture will be known as
“Hellensitic” as opposed to “Hellenic” culture
(pure Greek)
 Greek world begins to decline just as we see
the rise of an even greater Mediterreanan
super power.....................Rome

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World / European History Unit 2 -- Ancient Greece

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.  Minoan  Trading community on the island of Crete  Highly advanced for the time  Capital: Knossos  Labyrinth and Minotaur myth  Around 1600 BC: disappears  May be the lost civilization of Atlantis (destroyed by volcanic explosion of Thera)
  • 5.  under the palace of Knossos was a huge intricate labyrinth (maze)  At the center lay a minataur (1/2 man + ½ bull)  Sacrifices were required to satisfy the Minataur  In reality – young slaves forced by priests into the maze and then killed  Minataur would then protect the people of Knossos
  • 6.
  • 7.  Mycenaean  Powerful city-state on the Greek mainland  Writing System: Linear A and Linear B  (still being studied and is not really understood)  Much is still unknown about this civilization  Iliad and the Odyssey ◦ Story of the Trojan War ◦ Written by Homer ◦ Shows the ideal Greek hero as being one who outsmarts his enemies ◦ Greeks see themselves grounded in logic and reasoning
  • 8.  Written by a blind poet named Homer  Story of the Trojan War between “Greeks” and Troy  Tells story of the how the Greek heroes use intellect to outsmart their enemies rather than just fighting them  Use of the Trojan Horse is a great example of Greek intellect over an enemy
  • 9.
  • 10. No “Greece” in 400 BCE Really a collection of city-states: ◦separate political units ◦united by a common culture Largest city-states and rivals: ◦Athens and Sparta
  • 11.  On the sea – trading center  Very wealthy with a great navy  Individuals matter – freedom rules
  • 12.  Democracy – every citizen votes on every law  Sets the ideal structure for democracies and republics of the present  Problem – what if they vote for a bad law?  Problem – no protection from the mob
  • 13.  Capitalism – economy based on individuals and trade  Gives people an incentive to make money  Problem – capitalism leads to inequality and poverty for some – wealth and success for others
  • 14.  Ruled by a military dictatorship / council  Society runs on absolute obedience to the state – even women have roles to play  Society of absolute equality – unique in the ancient world  Individualism is suppressed for the good of the state
  • 15.  Men – serve in the army from age 7  Women – serve the state by having babies for the army  Disobedience and waste is forbidden  Spartan army is the most efficient fighting machine in the ancient world
  • 16.
  • 17.  Foundation for Western Civilization ◦Greek Science and Mathematics ◦Humanism – man can observe and figure out his own world based on reasoning ◦Greek Philosophy – development of logical reasoning
  • 18.  Astronomy ◦ Earth is Round – based on lunar Eclipse ◦ Earth’s circumference determined (quite accurately) using math and observation ◦ Geocentric model of the universe  Model based on observation and reasoning  Puts the Earth at the center of the universe  Everything revolves around the Earth  Greek Medicine ◦ Hippocrates – developed ideas behind the Four Humors  Tried to observe then diagnose  Step towards modern medicine  Development of Geometry ◦ Mathematics of Space and volume ◦ Mathematical principles based on a logical reasoning
  • 19.  Idea that man can figure out the world around him by observation and logical reasoning
  • 20.  Model based on observation of the sky and logical reasoning  Puts the Earth at the center of the universe  Everything revolves around the Earth
  • 21.  Observe and diagnose based on observation  Hippocrates– father of medicine  Four fluids in the body ◦ Blood ◦ Phlegm ◦ Yellow bile ◦ Black bile
  • 22.  Geometery – “earth measure”  Mathematics based on observation and logical reasoning  Pytharogas – classical Greek Mathmatician  Pythagorean theorem ◦ The area of the square built upon the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares upon the remaining sides.
  • 23.  Philosophy – The search for Wisdom  Philosopher – one who seeks wisdom  Wisdom ◦ Different from facts and knowledge ◦ Uses facts and knowledge to understand how to question ◦ Really just the search for knowledge ◦ Best described in Plato’s Analogy of the Cave
  • 24. Socrates at his Death  Born in Athens -- 469 BC  Originally a stonecutter  Told by the Oracle at Delphi at the Temple of Apollo that he was the wisest man in Athens and spent the remainder of his life trying to prove her wrong – he never did  Went around Athens asking questions and trying to find “wise” people  Teacher (called “Master”)– people left everything to follow him (similar to Jesus)  Greatest student – Plato  Question Everything – the answers themselves don’t matter, as long as one understands the need to question  Sentenced to death by Athenian court for corrupting the youth in 399 BC
  • 25. Plato (from the painting “School of Athens”  Socrates’ greatest student  Recorded the life and wisdom of Socrates  Wrote a series of dialogues – like reading conversations between Socrates and the citizens of Athens  Question Everything (from Socrates), but if one asked the right questions, one would eventually come up with the correct answers (True Forms)  Most famous book – The Republic
  • 26.  Plato’s greatest book – done in a series of chapters (called books by Plato)  True form of government – The Republic (people vote for reps – reps vote on the laws for the people)  True form of reps – “philosopher kings”  How does one become a philosopher? Develop wisdom  How does one develop wisdom? Understand the “cave” and get out of it.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30. Aristotle  Student of Plato  Mathematician, philosopher and scientist  Developed the idea behind logical reasoning  True forms are only true if they can be defended by logic  Answers to questions then, can be different and yet both answers can be right, depending on one’s perspective  Only had one student: Alexander the Great – he would take the ideas of Ancient Greece and spread them around the known world
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.  United Greece vs. Persian Empire  Started with Greek Revolts in Asia Minor  The Greeks turned to Athens for help  Persia responded by trying to invade Greece  490 BCE – Battle of Marathon ◦ Greek Army defeats Persians ◦ Greek soldier runs from the battlefield to Athens (26.2 miles) – screams “nike!” (victory) and then collapses and dies
  • 34.
  • 35.  Xerxes – Persian “God-king” – amassed a huge army and navy to punish the Greek City states  Reports vary, but the Persian army was at least 200,000 strong (ancient reports say 2 million)  Xerxes decided to invade from the north and to sweep through Greece  Battle of Thermopyle (Aug 480 BCE) ◦ Leonidas of Sparta led 300 of his guards to the “hot gates” and cut off the Persians ◦ Persians sent wave after wave against the Spartans ◦ Persian victory, but the valiant loss inspires and rallies the rest of Greek city states  Battle of Plataea (Jun 479 BCE) ◦ United Greek force (led by the Spartans and the Athenians) defeated a much larger Persian army ◦ Persian army remnants retreated back to Asia Minor
  • 36.
  • 37.
  • 38.  Athens vs. Sparta  Athens – great navy  Sparta – great army  War started when Athens imposed trade restrictions on Sparta’s allies  Sparta retalitated and went to war against Athens  Sparta eventually laid seige to Athens and forced the city to surrender  War weakened all of Greece & left it weak
  • 39.
  • 40.  Son of Macedonian king Phillip II  Educated by Aristotle – taught to revere Greek ideas of humanism, philosophy, science and medicine  Becomes king at age 21 when his father is killed during the Macedonian invasion of Greece
  • 41.  Subdued Greece by force, but then incorporated Greek fighters into his army  Invaded Asia Minor to go after Persia in 334 BCE  Persian Empire (from Egypt to Indian subcontinent) quickly fell to Alexander by 329 BCE
  • 42.
  • 43.  Although Alexander wanted to go after India, his soldiers were tired and wanted to go home  Problem – many of the governors appointed by Alexander to control territories in his new empire were corrupt  Alexander died under mysterious circumstances in 323 BCE in Babylon (he may have been poisoned)
  • 44.  Greek culture adn philosophy spread across the known world (important for later units)  Establishment of many different “Alexandria” cities  Inspiration for military leaders for the next 2300 years
  • 45.  After the general was gone, the Empire was divided by his subordinate officers  Most important to western history: Ptolemaic Empire – Egypt (kings take the title of pharoahs)
  • 46.  Greek Culture, Science, Humanism and Philosophy becomes mixed with other cultures. This hybrid culture will be known as “Hellensitic” as opposed to “Hellenic” culture (pure Greek)  Greek world begins to decline just as we see the rise of an even greater Mediterreanan super power.....................Rome