2. Describe two factors that could influence
whether or not you would imitate a model’s
behaviour. (2 marks)
3. The consequence that the model incurred as a result
of their behaviour
The amount of attention that the observer paid to the
model
The observer’s ability to remember what the model
did
The observers ability to copy the modelledbehaviour
The amount of motivation that the observer has to
repeat a task
The charateristics of the model, such as similarities to
the observer, attractiveness, and trustworthiness.
The observer’s admiration for the model, in terms of
their status, expertise or power.
4. Explain and apply insight learning as informed
by Wolfgang Kőhler
Explain and apply latent learning as informed
by Edward Tolman
5. The ‘ah ha!’ Experience
Finally see the solution to a problem after
mental manipulation
The solution is usually performed without
error
6. Food placed out of reach
Two sticks within reach
Each too short to reach
Placed together the sticks
can be used to get the
food
7. Preparation - sultan tries to reach with his
arms, tries to reach with one stick, all
attempts fail
Incubation - sits at the back of the cage and
seems to have given up
Insightful experience - realises he is holding
both sticks and can join them together
Verification - uses the double stick to reach
the food.
8.
9.
10. Trial and Error important but…..
Mental manipulation of the elements of a
problem also important
Cognitive processes also involved – this is
different to traditional CC and OC which
ignore cognition
11. Latent – hidden
Latent learning – the organism decides not to
perform an action that has been learned
Learning can occur even without reinforcement
Observing behaviour is the only way to measure
learning
I know many songs but I’m not singing them now!
12.
13. Rats run a maze with a food reward at the
finish point
All rats run the maze once a day
Performance timed
3 groups of rats
1. Always reinforced at the end of the maze
2. Never reinforced at the end of the maze
3. Not reinforced until the 11th day
14. Group 1 - got faster and faster
Group 2 - remained slow
Group 3 - showed no improvement until
reinforcement was introduced on day 11 then
were even faster than group 1
Conclusions
Learning can happen without reinforcement
Behaviour not displayed unless incentive to
do so
Learning and performance are different
15. Rats had developed a mental picture of the
maze as they learned the general layout
Once the cognitive map was formed rats
could chose alternate routes when doors
blocked
Rats always took the shortest possible route
around the block ‘principle of least effort’
We all have cognitive maps
Not always perfectly accurate
