Architectural Style Handouts

1. SPANISH ARCHITECTURE
4000BC - PRESENT
Alina Syed
WHERE IS IT LOCATED?
Spanish Architecture can be found just
about anywhere in Spain, with the
earliest buildings located in Altamira and
Cogul, and the modern ones in
Barcelona and Madrid.
TIME PERIODS
Starting at 218 BC was the Roman
Period. During this period, many
bridges and theatres were built as well
as a variety of religious architecture.
Most settlements of this time were of
Iberian, Phoenician and Greek settlers.
th th
During the 10 and 11 centuries was
About Spanish Architecture… the Romanesque period, consisting of
very primitive styles such as thick walls
Within Spanish architecture, they reflect community values and pursuits. They and lack of sculpture. This period was
influenced by Cluny, which is a
inform us of the movement of people, who take their architectural traditions Benedictine monastery located in
with them in form, (for example, temples). They also convey the impact of France. As for the Gothic Period which
took place in the 12th century and
political events, as seen with castles and palaces. Not only that, but Spanish resulted of European influence, the
Cathedral of Avila can be considered
architecture also reflected internal ideological divisions of regional rivalry (i.e.
one of the most famous Spanish Gothic
castles might be built by a ruler to reinforce his control within his own territory). Architecture of the time. The
Renaissance period followed the Gothic
th
Period in the 15 century and was
Spanish architecture from 4000BC to the present consists of many different grafted to Gothic forms. It was led by
periods that are each unique due to their different forms and elements. These Juan Bautista de Toledo as well as Juan
de Herrera who made the royal
periods include the Roman period, the Romanesque period, the Gothic period, monastery of El Escorial.
the Renaissance, the Baroque period, Spanish colonial architecture, the
neoclassical style, as well as the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. More in depth
information about these periods can be found to the right.

2. PERIODS CONTINUED…
Following the Renaissance period was
the very successful Baroque period that
th
occurred in the late 16 century. The
Spanish Colonial architecture was a
combination of Native American and
Moorish decorative influences. The
Neoclassical style on the other hand
adapted old ideas to create buildings
such as the astronomical observatory.
WHAT MAKES SPANISH
ARCHITECTURE DISTINCTIVE:
Spanish architecture is very
unique in its own way. In the
earlier ages Spanish
architecture was recognized
as a various amount of
castles with their own
distinctive use of bricks
whereas in modern times,
architects such as Gaudi do
INFLUENCES ON SPANISH ARCHITECTURE: not make their buildings
symmetrical but they are
Due to its historical and geographical more experimental and
diversity, Spanish architecture has bubbly, as well as colourful.
drawn from a host of influences. Spanish modern architecture
is very playful and not hard to
Most of these influences derive from tell apart from that of other
Rome, as the Romans left behind areas. The picture to the left
some of their most outstanding is but one example of Gaudi’s
buildings.
monuments in Hispania. Many
influences are also from various
cultural areas such as the cultural
European and Arabic styles that
influenced the Spanish to create the KEY TERMS
Mudejar style. In modern Spanish Festoon: Ornamental garland usually suspending from both ends, (I.e.
architecture today, for example Edificio Metropolis, Madrid).
those by the works of Antoni Gaudi,
Keystone: The central wedge-shaped stone at the crown of an arch
he is influenced mainly by that locks all parts together, (I.e. Arc de Triomf, Barcelona).
Moresque, oriental and gothic
Mudejar: Style of Spanish architecture employed by Muslims after the
architecture – all of them traditional
Christian reconquest, characterized by a fusion of Islamic with Gothic
Catalonian styles. and Romanesque elements. For example, the Arc de Triomf located in
Barcelona.
Arcade: A series of arches supported by columns or piers, either
attached to a wall or free-standing, (I.e. Plaza Mayor, Madrid).

4. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
(9000 B.C. - present)
Back in 9000 B.C., Indian architecture
began with some early cave paintings.
Throughout the years, their architecture has
continually changed. Due to the fact that Indian
architecture has been around since the ancient
civilizations period, it has developed through the
use of many previous influences and has created
its own, unique style that is sophisticated and
widely recognized. Perhaps the most recognized
structure in Indian architecture is the Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal, Agra. Recognized for its signature dome
located in Agra (right). and water reflection.
!! ! ! ! ! ! ! DISTINCTIVE STYLE
• extremely intricate and detailed designs
• many geometrical shapes
• lots of sculptures of gods
• lots of pillars, arches and panels
• religious beliefs incorporated into
buildings
It is said that Indian architecture lacks
consistency because of the diversity of
religious beliefs in India. The Nageshwara
Temple (left) demonstrates the intricate
detail and religion associated with Indian
Nageshwara Temple, Kumbakonam. Representation of the
intricate detail and religion in Indian architecture. architecture.
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! KEY TERMS
geometrical - formed by lines, points and curves
fusion - joining two or more things to create a single entity
sculpture - two or three dimensional art form created by carving stone, wood, etc.

5. INFLUENCES
• when Islam invaded India, Islamic
architecture fused with Indian
architecture
• Greek architecture inspired the rock-cut
art, which was the basis of early temples
such as the Ellora Caves (right)
• as the development of technology and
science increases, the influence of
religion decreases (influenced a change in
style)
Ellora Caves, showing the Greek influence of rock-cut art.
THEN AND NOW DILWARA TEMPLES
As mentioned before, most modern Indian My tile is based off of one of the columns in
structures lack the use of religious beliefs, the Dilwara Temples. The tile emphasizes
substituting them for the use of technology. the detail included in the columns by
The modern architecture still maintains the showing a close-up representation as well as
a wider shot of one of the columns. It will
use of geometric shapes and symbolism,
emphasize the substantial use of gods and
continuing to define the style.
various religious figures. It will be an
accurate representation of common
Naga Towers, soon to
come. Contains the elements used in Indian
cultural symbol of
the Naga (snake). architecture.
The present style of
Indian architecture
is very different
from old structures.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/timeline.html
http://www.kamit.jp/01_introdctn/intr_eng.htm
http://indianskyscraperblog.wordpress.com/
Masterpieces of Traditional Indian Architecture by Satish Grover
http://www.crystalinks.com/indiarchitecture.html

7. N I EL BIOGRAPHY:
D A
Born in May 12, 1946 in Poland,
D
Daniel Libeskind is now currently
lives in the United States and is a
IN
successful artist, architect, and set
SK
designer. Geographic locations of
the studies leading up to his career
BE
include Israel, New York City, and
England. He has completed many
LI
projects including the Crystals at City
Center (Las Vegas, Nevada, USA),
Jewish Museum Berlin (Berlin,
Germany), Military History Museum
(Dresden, Germany), and the
Michael Lee-Chin Crystal at the
Royal Ontario Museum (Toronto,
Ontario, Canada).
Crystals at City Center in Las
Vegas, Nevada, USA (2005-2009)
Military History Museum (2001-2011)
COUNTRIES WHERE
HIS WORK IS FOUND:
TERMS TO DESCRIBE • Canada
DANIELʼS WORK: • Germany
• USA
Bold - showing an ability to take risks
Complex - consisting of many different • England
and connected parts (not easy to • Spain
analyze or understand)
Abstract - existing in thought or as an • Switzerland
idea but not having a physical or • Ireland
concrete existence
• South Korea
Geometric - characterized by or
decorated with regular lines and • Denmark
shapes Jewish Museum Berlin in • Israel
Proportional - corresponding in size Berlin, Germany (1989-1999)
or amount to something else •Italy

8. DISTINCTIONS:
Danielʼs projects are quite distinctive. Almost all of
his buildings include geometric shapes and linear
elements that seem abstract. Many also include
linear cutouts for windows and using metal, steel,
and glass elements. Some of his designs are
INSPIRATION
extensions on existing structures that, when he is
While attending a wedding at the
finished working his “magic”, seem to blend “old”
with “new” and make the new creations appear as Royal Ontario Museum, Danielʼs love
if they are emerging out of the older ones. for the gem and mineral collection
inspired him to sketch the initial
concepts of the crystal
onto paper napkins.
Michael Lee-Chin Crystal
Royal Ontario Museum
Architect: Daniel Libeskind
Project Began: 2002
Project Finished: 2007
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
• http://www.rom.on.ca/about/crystal/
• http://daniel-libeskind.com/daniel
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Libeskind

9. Art Nouveau
1890 -1914
Art Nouveau style can be found all over the world, but
is most abundant in the European Countries where it
originated. Riga, Latvia is one of the largest centres of
Art Nouveau architecture. Although
it originated in Europe, during
the early 1900’s, New York
became one of the world’s greatest
economic and cultural centers
where architects developed their
own versions of the new art. The
great fire of 1871 destroyed most
of Chicago, the city was rebuilt
with the Art Nouveau flare.
Example of
architecture found in
Riga, Latvia
Art Nouveau Building in Riga, Latvia
Art Nouveau, French for “New Art” has very distinctive styles that were
against the formal and classical approaches to design. This new expression of
architecture became known as “The Whiplash” which is described as a sudden
violent curve generated by the crack of the whip. This characteristic is found in
nature and was applied to architecture in the form of artistic decoration
consisting of energetic rhythmic lines, patterns, running scrolls, interlacing
foliage and flame and shell textures. No specific artists personified the nouveau style
which has different names in different countries such as le style metro in France,
jugendstil in Germany, secession in Austria, la style de liberty in Italy and modernista
Example of
architecture found in
in Spain. Art Nouveau presented a refreshing and modern solution that broke the
Paris, France stronghold of traditions.

10. Key Terms Important to Art Nouveau:
 Acanthus leaf: Carving that is frequently found
in art nouveau furniture and buildings
architecture that resembles this motif
 Arch: a curved structure spanning an opening
 Asymmetrical: non identical when reflected
upon a central line; lacking chemistry
 Baluster: railing supports spaced closely
together; in art nouveau include many whiplash
styles
 Bellcast: a curved shape with a lower pitch at
the base of the roof slope
 Bow Window: dynamic composition of widows
arranged at different heights and bowing from
the centre
 Columns: rigid and slender pillar used as
decorative in the art nouveau time period
 French symbolist movement: movement in
literature (1880-1900) leading to a rejection of
realism and sensuous. It was an important
influence in the Art Nouveau movement and led
artists to symbolic and philosophic attitudes.
 Stained Glass: glass with colours, enamels,
paint, or stains that was used to portray freedom
of the art nouveau period
 Whiplash lines: applied to the unique curves
and designs found in paintings and structures as
well as balusters
Victor Horta Hotel Interior
Influences on Art Nouveau:
The Art Nouveau movement broke away from the Classical
Period of symmetry and proportion. It was not only viewed as
a style of art but also the redefining of the natural features
portrayed throughout the artwork and architecture. During the
late 1800’s there was a French symbolist movement in
literature that also rejected realism. This also helped the idea
of new art break through into more widespread parts of the
world. Art Nouveau was also influenced by an industrial age
when cities all over Europe and North America began to grow
and become more capable of mass reproduction. This caused
the artists of Europe such as Alphonse Mucha, Victor Horta,
and Hector Guimardi to want to be more unique and free
flowing. Soon Art Nouveau started to show up in various
magazine ads, posters, as well as art galleries. Architects then
developed their unique styles for the interior and exteriors of
structures.
http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c19th/artnouveau.htm
http://www.nga.gov/feature/nouveau/exhibit_intro.htm
http://architecture.about.com/od/artnouveau/g/artnouveau.htm
http://www.riga-life.com/riga/art-nouveau
Erec Kingston Victor Horta Hotel Exterior

11. The style was greatly
influenced by Mesoamerican
architecture. Recognizable
aspects of the style include
pyramids and temples. In
fact, some of the very
earliest pyramid designs
were those of the Mayans.
This style of architecture can
also be identified by the
intricate detail in a variety of
materials such as mud and
stone. Buildings ranged
widely in height, however it
is important to note that any
steps made were very wide
as well as steep.
There are specific cities that
represent aspects of Mayan
architecture very well. For
example, Uxmal, Yucutan
was typical of this
architecture from around
600-900 AD. Some of the
buildings include the Temple
of the Magician and the
Nunnery Quadrangle. An
additional city is Tikal,
Guatemala. In terms of
architectural sites, this city is
one of the largest in
representing pre-Colombian
Mayan civilization.

12. The Mayan Calendar is what Glyphs
comes to mind when thinking of
Mayan culture. Not only was the
idea very impactful, but so was
the design work embedded in the
actual structure.
The calendar was a very sophisticated
aspect of the Mayan culture. The design
work in itself is very sophisticated as well.
Intricacies in the stone are also simplified
by the repetition brought along due to the
many cycles upon which the calendar is
structured.
The Story of Architecture
by Johnathon Glancey
http://library.thinkquest.org/
10098/mayan.htm
http://www.mayadiscovery.co
m/ing/archaeology/architectu
re.htm
http://www.authenticmaya.c
om/arquitectura_maya.htm

13. A R C H I T E C T U R A L H A N D O U T
Chinese Architecture
Architectural Styles
Imperial- this style was only used for
the Emperor Of China, things like
yellow tiles, wooden columns, and
the use of the #9. 9 arches, 9 gates
.etc.
Religious- this style, which includes
the Buddhist style was largely
inspired by imperial structure. These
buildings included lots of pagodas
(ones with 4 or 8 sides). Also, the
main entrances were always built at
the side of the building.
Commoner- this is the most common Main
style, used by a large part of China’s
population. The center would usually Information
have a shrine for ancestors and the Country Originated From- China
two sides of the building are rooms
for ancestors. The “wings” of the Timelines – Tang Dynasty- 618-906
building were meant for younger
members of the family. -Ming Dynasty- 1368-1644
The Pagoda Commoner Structures
The pagoda is a type of structure
that originated in the 11 century from Buddism. This
type of Buddist structure first came from India, but soon
traveled to other parts of Asia. During the Tang Dynasty
period, these structures were built fairly simple, but over
time have developed into detailed, more complex
buildings.
Imperial Structure

14. Distinctive Features
Balance, symmetry, structure, construction and
detail are all things that make this style of
architecture a stand out to others around the
globe.
Horizontal Highlights
There is a lot of emphasis on the horizontal axis in Chinese
architecture. A lot of the buildings are tall, with high
platforms and a low, smaller roof, often the corners have
been built in a “swept up” motion. Usually, Chinese
architecture emphasizes the width of the buildings- mostly to
highlight the embracing-nature of imperial china.
Materials Used
In the past, Chinese architecture used a lot of wood in
construction. By the start of the Tang Dynasty, this trend
was replaced with stone and brick. These materials were in
popular use at the time of the Ming Dynasty, Which the
famous Great Wall Of China is built from.
Structure
The use of structural timbers is used for framing the
buildings as well as holding up the small roofs. There are
three different types of roofs used. Straight Incline, which is
with a single incline section, Multi- Incline, with two or
more, and Sweeping- which is a roof with sweeping
curvatures with taller corners. Use of door panels and
curtain walls are also popular in this type of architecture.
The Forbidden City
The Forbidden City has become a wide attraction
around the world. It represents a large group of
imperial buildings, and is found in China’s capital,
Beijing. The work is incredibly detailed and includes
things like terraces, buildings made from marble,
colored tiles, and lacquer finished woodwork.
Pagoda
2

15. Bibliography
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0811909.html
http://www.chinatraveldepot.com/C187-Chinese-Architecture
http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/yanglu/ECC_CULTURE_ARCHITECTURE_TIMELINE.HTM
Book- Wonders Of The World- MetroBooks
Tile Description Photos
The photos I used to base my tile design off of were the middle one on the 3rd page, and the second one
on the left side of the 2nd page. I used both the structure and detail to draw up my design. I liked the
main basis the first picture gave me as to how the roof and building should look from the front, as well
as the detailed photo where I noticed a lot of specifics that I also included. Note- I also looked at a lot of
different photos in books as well for ideas.
3

16. M e s o p o ta m i a n A r c h i t e c t u r e
Materials used throughout the
Mesopotamian empire:
- clay was the main material used due to its abundance and its ability to be shaped and
dried easily
- stone and wood that could be used to build structures was mostly unavailable
- bricks made of clay were identically molded and baked in the sun, soon
becoming mass-produced as they became the principle building material used in
construction
- Lebanon exported wood that was imported by the Mesopotamians for roofing,
ornaments, and tools
- facades on buildings and gates were decorated with glazed bricks of a
multitude of colours (white, blue, gold, silver, yellow), often showing
mythological creatures such as griffon
- a type of tar or bitumen was developed for waterproofing buildings during the
flooding season
Construction Facts
- stone is structurally more sound than mud, forcing the
Mesopotamians to use buttresses to reinforce their thick walls
in order to compensate for such a factor
- vaulting was a popular construction method during the time
- domes and vaults covered rooms, acting as roofs
- long narrow rooms or hallways were covered with tunnel
vaults
- the use of columns was not idealistic as mud crumbled under
intense pressure, thus it was only used by the later cultures
- by putting together arches, domes were created (Ishtar Gate
is an example of an arch from the ancient world)
Methods used to increase structural support
- buttresses and flat buttress strips : Rectangular piece connected or leaned against a wall
- recess : An enclosure that has been pushed back
- clay nails
- pilasters : A half column attached to a wall
- arches : Curved structure that supports loads by dispersing the pressure
- voussoir : A stone shaped like a wedge that is used in arches
- dome : A hollow architectural structure that is shapes like a hemisphere
- stone plinths : A square or rectangular stone base on which columns are placed upon
- frescoes : A large painting made on a plaster surface
Page 3

17. Throughout the Mesopotamian civilization there were three major types of
M buildings: M e s o p o ta m i a n A r c h i t e c t u r e
Houses T h e g r e a t M e s o p o t a m i a n c i v i l i z a t i o n ( n o w m o d e r n I r a q ) fi r s t a p p e a r e d a t
- the number of stories determined the occupant’s around approximately 4500 BC. During their 5000 year existence, many
social status. The poor were housed in single story great architectural developments came to rise.
homes while the rich had two stories
Due to it’s cultural diversity in which many separate city states were
- the center of the home was the courtyard which
provided light, air, and protection c r e a t e d o v e r t h e y e a r s , d i ff e r e n t e m p i r e s r o s e a n d f e l l , e a c h l e a v i n g
- constructed from bricks held together with plaster behind separate but equally important architectural legacies.
- entrance was closed off with either nothing or a
wooden door The following table includes the most important cultures that influenced
- cooling through convection currents was created by having the rooms face towards Mesopotamian architecture:
the center courtyard
Culture Years of prosper (BC)
Temples
Sumerian 4500—2000
- for increased stability, buttresses and recesses were used for added support
- building plan was either t-shaped or rectangular to represent four flowing rivers Akkadian 2350—2200
- temples were built on low terraces with an observatory situated a top the entire
structure Babylonian 2000—1600
Assyrian 1350—612
Palaces
- relief carvings of royal, symbolic, and religious figures on Neo-Babylonian 612—539
walls
- walls of layered plaster had paintings of friezes on them The Mesopotamian architecture was shaped by sever- Urban planning:
- facings made of bricks each had polychrome glazes al factors:
 all Mesopotamian cities were parted into four types of spaces:
- gates were guarded by large sculptures such as griffons or 1. Geographical location and climate residential, commercial, mixed, and civic
dragons who were carved from stone
2. Invention and development of courtyards  city designs were detailed as they included intricate plans for ca-
3. Seasonal floods which forced them to raise build- nals, trade routes, walls, irrigation systems, streets, buildings,
Ziggurat Style Temples markets, and gardens
ings on platforms or mounds of clay, dirt, or stone
- most important religious building
- receding layered platforms of two to seven 4. Religion and symbolic meanings
- shared similar stylistic characteristics to step pyramids which came into popularity 5. Social hierarchy
during the Early Dynastic period
- all levels were proportional to each other Due to the diversity of cultures in the Mesopotamian
- the foundation was created with sunbaked bricks while the exterior was covered civilization, all five of these aspects were integrated
with ones that had been fired into a common style and can be observed in each Mesopotamians were also famous for developing landscape architec-
- multiple astrological beings were represented on facings that had been glazed over culture’s forms. ture. This usually involved heavy open spaced planning. Orchards
- walkways, stairways and ramps connected each stage and gardens blossomed due to the abundance of water diverted from
the Tigris and Euphrates. The space was typically an enclosed quad-
rangle that had multiple fountains placed
Bibliography: throughout the garden. The Mesopotamians used
http://ocw.kfupm.edu.sa/ocw_courses/phase2/ARC110/LEecture%20Notes/Lecure_Slides_Module_3_ANE.pdf space to its fullest, creating beautiful greenery
http://www.centrorisorse.org/mesopotamia-architecture.html whose reputation is still reveled about today, such
http://universalium.academic.ru/257425/art_and_architecture%2C_Mesopotamian as in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
http://www.ancientmesopotamians.com/ancient-mesopotamian-buildings.html
Page 2
Page 1

18. Romanesque Architecture
What makes the Romanesque style distinctive is rounded arches, tall
towers, small and few details as well as decorative style similar to
roman buildings. When churches were built, they were typically full of
painted, colourful biblical images to teach people who were unable to
read the bible.
What influenced Romanesque Architecture was the architecture during the rule of the Roman empire.
This is where the name 'Romanesque' originated from. The Romanesque style was partially
influenced by Byzantine art, which carried westward along main trade routes making to places such as
Venice, Ravenna, and Marseilles.
Some of the first buildings to appear in the Romanesque style are
Santa Maria Charlemagne's Palatine St. Michael's Hildesheim St. Michael's Hildesheim
Chapel (interior) (exterior)
th th
Romanesque architecture became the main style in Europe in the 11 and 12 centuries, yet started
as early as the 6th. It was seen in England, France, and Germany
What I chose to depict in my tile was large, rounded arches, with small and few details. It also includes
stone brick work. These accurately reflects the architecture of the time.

19. Large rounded arches
Few windows
Later on, slightly more windows were being used,
but they remained small in size
Large Rounded Arches
Bibliography:
http://www.oldandsold.com/articles23/architecture-53.shtml
http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture

20. Neuschwanstein Castle is a 19th century Romanesque palace. The palace
rests on a hill above the village of Hohenschwangau near Füssen in
southwest Bavaria, Germany. The palace was built by Ludwig II of
Bavaria to act as his own personal retreat and to serve as homage to
Richard Wagner. Construction on the castle started in 1869 but was not
completed until after Ludwig’s death.
Construction of Castle
Neuschwanstein in 1869
During the 19th century many castles were being constructed or
reconstructed, with multiple changes to make them more picturesque.
The building of Castle Neuschwanstein was based on two journeys that
Ludwig took in 1867: Ludwig travelled across Germany where he saw
reconstruction happening to Wartburg near Eisenach, and to the Château
de Pierrefonds, which were being transformed into castles made for
history. The king saw both buildings as representatives of a romantic
interpretation of the Middle Ages a topic in which he found fascinating
as well as the mythology in the operas that he enjoyed by Richard
Wagner that left great impressions on the king. His favorite opera was
the swan prince in which it is said he based his life upon and his castle
Neuschwanstein
Château de Pierrefonds Wartburg
.

21. Besides taking ideas from fairytales and operas,
Neuschwanstein palace had many other influences in
creating its memorable architecture. The palace is
looked at as typical for the 19th century with its
architecture. The castle takes on many different types
of architectural styles in its design one of the most
common and reoccurring themes is Romanesque with
the semicircular arches, Gothic with its upward-pointing lines, slim
towers, delicate embellishments and Byzantine architecture and art with
the inside of the castles in its throne hall. The style of Castle
Neuschwanstein was to originally be neo-Gothic but was built in mostly
Romanesque style towards its completion.
Style of Architecture that influenced Castle Neuschwanstein
Façade of Reims Carmo Church Notre Dame de Paris
Cathedral, France (Lisbon,Portugal)

22. Gothic Architecture
Common Characteristics
Cathedral of St. E/enne – The Gothic
of Gothic Architecture: Bourges, France, Late 12th period lasted
• Pointed Arches century from the mid
• Ornate detail 12th century
to the late
• Stained glass (often biblical) 16th century.
• Tracery-windows
• Colombes
• Tall tiers Arched Doorway
• Grey colour
• Tall, arched ceilings
• Blue, grey, turquoise, black roofs
• Intricate carvings (often biblical)
• Ribbed Vaulting
• Gargoyles
• Found in cathedrals
First appearing in Medieval
Stained glass windows in France (mid 12th century), Gothic architecture
Saint Chapelle Cathedral, was heavily influenced by Romanesque
Paris, France, 1246 architecture, and was apart of what
influenced Renaissance architecture. Most
commonly known for its beautifully crafted
glass windows, pointed arches, and ribbed
vaulting, Gothic architecture is most
dominantly associated with places of worship
such as
Map of Gothic Architecture cathedrals and
churches in
France.
Gothic architecture is
most commonly found
in France, but can be
found in other
countries in Europe
such as Spain,
England, Italy, and
Germany. Ribbed Vaulting

23. Famous Architects and Buildings
Reims Cathedral-
Bernard de Soissons
Built in 1211, Reims,
France Cathedral of Notre
Dame- Maurice de
Sully, 1163, Paris,
France
Inspirations
Stained glass windows in Notre
Westminster Abbey- Dame Cathedral,-Paris, France,
1194
Henry III, 1245,
London, England
For my tile, I chose to
combine three of the
most distinct features
Salisbury Cathedral- of Gothic architecture,
Architect unknown, arches, tracery, and
Salisbury, England, 1220 stained glass.
Bibliography
• Craven, Jackie. Gothic Revival Architecture ‐ Lyndhurst in
Tarrytown New York. Architecture and House
Styles and Building Design. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar.
2012. hUp://architecture.about.com/od/
earlychris/anmedieval/ss/gothic_10.htm.
• Gothic Architects. Grand Lodge of Bri9sh Columbia and
Yukon. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Feb. 2012. hUp://
freemasonry.bcy.ca/architecture/architects.html.

24. Bibliography Continued
• Gothic Architecture - topics.info.com. Expand your knowledge base - topics.info.com. N.p., n.d.
Web. 7 Mar. 2012. http://topics.info.com/gothic-architecture_2245.
• Toman, Rolf. Gothic: architecture, sculpture, painting. Cologne: Ullmann Könemann ;, 2007. Print.

25. Persepolis
515 B.C
Located
in
the
Fars
Province
of
modern
Iran
Persepolis
was
built
during
the
reign
of
Darius
I,
who
made
it
the
capital
of
Persia.
It
was
the
wealthiest
city
and
full
of
treasures.
The
earliest
remains
of
Persepolis
date
back
to
around
515
B.C.
In
330,
Persepolis
was
partly
destroyed
by
Alexander
Sacks,
who
was
King
of
Macedonia.
It
remained
ruins
for
nearly
2000
years.
There
are
still
remains
of
Persepolis
left
that
attract
tourists.
To
the
ancient
Persians,
the
city
was
known
as
Parsa,
which
means
The
City
of
Persians.
The
Greeks
called
it
Persepolis.
Today
it
is
known
as
Takht-­‐e-­‐Jamshid
or
Throne
of
Jamshid
in
Iran.
Key
terms
associated
with
the
style
of
architecture
are
ancient,
Greek,
Egyptian,
sculptures
and
rocks.

26. Ancient
art
influenced
the
architecture.
It
was
also
greatly
influenced
by
Greek
art.
What
makes
the
style
of
architecture
distinctive
is
the
detailed
rock
relief.
Ancient
art
Greek
art
Bibliography:
1.
Ancient
Persian
Art:
History,
Photographs:
Early
Iranian
Architecture,
Painting,
Sculpture:
Susa,
Persepolis.
Encyclopedia
of
Art,
http://www.visual-­‐
arts-­‐cork.com/ancient-­‐art/persian.htm.
2.
Persepolis,
Iran.
Ancient-­‐Wisdom,
http://www.ancient-­‐
wisdom.co.uk/iranpersepolis.htm.

27. Russian Muscovite
architecture is mostly
from the 1500’s and
1600’s when powerful
tsars ruled Russia.
Buildings are typically
colourful and whimsical.
It feels like Christmas, as
the notable works of this
St. Basil’s:
style are mostly ornate Explained
Orthodox Christian
churches and cathedrals. Perhaps the most famous
Some buildings even look creation of Muscovite
like gingerbread houses architecture, St. Basil’s
with snow-covered roofs. Cathedral in Moscow’s Red
Square was built between
Where? 1555 and 1560. It was
commissioned by Tsar Ivan
Moscow is the IV (“the Terrible”) to
capital city of commemorate the victory
the Russian over the Mongol armies and
the freeing of Russia from
Federation Tartar rule.
It was designed by
architects Barma and
Posnik. St. Basil’s
established the traditional
tent-and-tower churches as
a symbol of national
Influences unification and combined
Muscovite architecture the styles of the north and
south in its design.
features inspiration from:
The large central chapel
• Islamic Onion domes
is surrounded by 8 smaller
• Romanesque arcades (row of
ones, and each is topped
arches)
with an onion dome, which
• Gothic pointed arches and
were added to the originally
spires (conical tower topper)
white cathedral in the late
• Italian Renaissance rusticated
17th century.
stonework
St. Basil the Blessed is
• Polish and Ukrainian Baroque
buried in an additional small
chapels
Muscovite Window Designs chapel.

28. Pahkah!
“Goodbye”
Early Muscovite Period (1230 – 1530)
• Mongols looted the country, causing a major decrease in
wealth. Large stone buildings were not in the budget,
however some towns managed to preserve their Medieval
churches.
Early: Cathedral of the • By the late 1300’s, Muscovite masons managed to regain
Assumption, Zvenigorod the skill of their ancestors and solve problems whose
answers had been lost during the Mongol attacks of the
13th century.
Middle Muscovite Period (1530 – 1630)
• The key architectural innovation of the 1500’s was the
tented roof. This brick structure meant that snow
couldn’t pile on top. It can be seen in the design of St.
Basil’s. The first tented church was built to celebrate the
birth of Ivan the Terrible in 1531, seen at left.
Late Muscovite Period (1630 – 1712)
• After a period of turmoil and famine known as the Time
of Troubles, Russia was once again poor. Luckily, rich
merchants decided to pitch in and fund the construction
Middle: Ascension of more cathedrals.
Church, Kolomenskoye • In the mid-1600’s, the Patriarch of the Orthodox Church
decided that tented designs were untraditional, and so
cathedrals turned into smaller, but heavily decorated
chapels. This period was influenced by Baroque styles.
Key Features
of Muscovite
Architecture
Late: Church of St. John
the Baptist, Yaroslavl
Bibliography
Architecture Explained
http://www.enotes.com/t
opic/Russian_architecture Tented Roof Blind Arcade Onion Dome

29. ANTONI GAUDI
(1852-1926)
Barcelona, Spain
About Antoni Gaudi:
-Had a bad temper-
said that it was the
one thing in his life
that he could not
control.
-Became most famous
in 1910 when asked to
build a hotel in NY-
many Americans took
note.
-Died June 7, 1926 at
74, When he was run
What makes this style distinct: over by a tram.
Antoni Gaudi has a very distinct style of art, and -Dressed carelessly so
architecture. All of his artwork relate back to a natural, organic when he was killed,
look. He was inspired by the organic shapes of nature, so this nobody recognized
shows up many times. Along with the natural look, he also him.
combines medieval looks and gothic use of glass, and oriental
When he died, half of
styles too. The time that he was creating his work, was also the
Barcelona dressed in
time of Art Nouveau. This worked well with Gaudi, because he
black to give final
used very little straight lines, and really liked the curved
homage.
natural lines of the Art Nouveau. All of his art, and architecture
has a way of looking like it is part of nature, and part of a
modern city at the same time.

30. ANTONI GAUDI
Influences:
-Medieval books
-Gothic Art
-Organic shapes of nature
-Oriental Structures
-No Straight lines of Art Nouveau
-Viollet-le-Duc’s book on medieval French
architecture
-William Morris
Elements Used:
-Bone-like look of the column
-Bubbly Glass
-Rounded Stone edges- very natural looking
-Mosaic (used in many of his works)
-Rounded Windows
-Contrast in smooth flat windows, and round bubbly
ones, and natural round ones at the bottom
-Use of texture (mosaic, smooth stone, smooth glass,
rounded glass shown without use of colour)
Bibliography
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
hywR3CvpziQ/TlREWXchgEI/AAAAAAAAFc4/svbOswhKiug/s1600/williammorris460.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-
SolxzTAu2NE/Tdk1VmKLIWI/AAAAAAAACAs/fsErtjeSY6o/s1600/artrevival2.jpg
http://www.digitalphoto.pl/foto_galeria/5042_2009-2028_b.jpg
http://27.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_ljv1e7suoN1qccrklo1_500.jpg
http://www.travelblat.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Antoni-Gaudi.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Antoni_Gaudi_1878.jpg
/220px-Antoni_Gaudi_1878.jpg
http://www.gaudiclub.com/ingles/I_VIDA/i_menu.html

31. Volume 1, Issue 1 Newsletter Date
The Italian Renaissance
D E F I N I T I O N S
Rebirth - the action of reappearing or starting to flour- Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446)
ish or increase after a decline. (e.g. The introduction / re
-utilization of elements from the ancient times)
- Designed the dome (cupola) of the Cathedral of Florence
High Renaissance - a very short time period in Rome He was a goldsmith, sculptor, mathematician, clock builder,
and Venice. The primary center was Rome. Work of the and architect.
artists during the high renaissance were more expres-
sive than that of the previous renaissance artists and are - Travelled to Rome to study the ruins
some of the best known in the world. of Ancient Roman buildings. He added
Mannerism - a style and period of European art (16th
some of the things that he observed
century) notable for its deliberate reaction against the from these buildings to his work.
balance of high renaissance art. Characterized by sub- - 1418 there was a competition to de-
ject expression, distortions of the figure peculiar place-
ment of figures in the composition, exaggerated per- sign the dome of the cathedral - he
spective view and a crisp and harsh treatment of light won.
and shadow. - His work tend towards cool and static
Tondo - a round painting. perfection - a drastic change for the time and from the pop-
Foreshortening - a method of drawing or painting an
object or person that is not parallel to the picture plane
so that it seems to recede in space; giving the illusion of
3 dimensions. Pats get smaller as they recede in space.
Cupola – a round convex roof on a circular base
Lorenzo Ghiberti (1381 - 1455)
- Battled with Brunelleschi to win the contest to
create the North doors of the Baptistery of Flor-
ence, he won.
- The 2 doors took more than 20 years to complete.
The 28 panels illustrate stories from the
New Testament
The doors were so well liked that he was
commissioned to do the final set of doors
for the Baptistery which were located on
the East side.
- The 2nd set of doors were very different from the
first, and are called “The Gates of Paradise”. He
divided the 2nd set of doors into 10 large panels,
he used pictorial space and one-point perspective
to create convincing depths.
- The first doors contained remnants of gothic
sculpture, 2nd set are works of renaissance

32. P a g e 2 N e w s l et t e r T it l e
Donatello (1386 - 1466)
- Considered one of the greatest sculptors of his
time and that ever lived.
- Donatello’s bronze David was the first life size
free standing nude since ancient times.
- Commissioned in 1443 to create a huge statue
of a Venetian general nicknamed
“Gattamelata”.
- The statue is bronze, huge and is mounted on a
high pedestal.
- During Donatello’s 11 year stay in Padua he
revolutionized Venetian art as he brought the
Florentine interest in perspective, form, anato-
my and
the classic
Masaccio (1401 - 1428)
- Revolutionized the art of painting.
- Combined visual perspective and texture.
- Tribute Money
New Testament illustration, de-
picts 3 succeeding events at the
same time.
- He used light in ways that had never be-
fore been used. He used a single light
source coming from one direction, there-
fore highlighting on one side of the object
and creating a shadow on the other.
Fra Angelico (1400 - 1455)
- The Florentine master of landscape painting (seen in
Adoration of the Magi)
- Works: The Annunciation, Adoration of the Magi
- Adoration of the Magi - a tondo painted in tempera on
wood.
Introduction of nearly naked figures of boys
hints at the future Florentine fascination with
figure painting. Landscape elements including
flowers, trees, mountains, and ski indicate the
Renaissance interest in nature.

33. V o l u m e 1 , I ss u e 1 P a g e 3
Paolo Uccello (1397 - 1475)
- Fascination with perspective/ the scientific aspect of painting.
- In Battle of San Romano, Uccello used foreshortening to create the feel-
ing of the body pointing towards the viewer.
Piero della Francesca (1420 - 1492)
- The Legend of the True Cross
-Figure are cool/ calm.
-Can see Francesca’s interest in light and
how he used it to create solid geometric
forms.
-Accurate perspective both linear and arial.
Sandro Botticelli (1445 - 1510)
Birth of Venus
Scene based on traditional mythology.
Often mythological scenes were meant to
symbolize Christian ideas/ideals
Considered the master of delicate lines.
Figures seen outlined with an extremely fine line.
Other works: The Adoration of the Magi
Botticelli placed what is believed to be a self portrait on one of
the guests faces, and some of the other guests have the portraits
of other Italian contemporaries. ( This was a very common oc-
currence at this time)
Characters are often looking at the viewer.
Giovani Bellini (1431 - 1516)
- Master painter in Venice during the late 15th century.
- With the arrival of the oil painting technique in Italy,
Bellini developed a richness or color and depth of value
unequaled in Italy at the time.
- Works: The Doge Leonardo Loredan

34. WE’RE ON THE WEB!
EXAMPLE.COM
Organization
This would be a good place to insert a short
paragraph about your organization. It might
include the purpose of the organization, its
B U S I N E S S N A M E
mission, founding date, and a brief history.
You could also include a brief list of the types
Primary Business Address
of products, services, or programs your or-
Address Line 2
Address Line 3 ganization offers, the geographic area cov-
Address Line 4
ered (for example, western U.S. or European
Phone: 555-555-5555
Fax: 555-555-5555 markets), and a profile of the types of cus-
E-mail: someone@example.com tomers or members served.
It would also be useful to include a contact
name for readers who want more information
about the organization.
Business Tagline or Motto
B a c k P a g e S t o r y H e a d l i n e
This story can fit 175-225 words. ployees.
If your newsletter is folded and mailed, If you have any prices of standard
this story will appear on the back. So, products or services, you can include a
it’s a good idea to make it easy to read listing of those here. You may want to
at a glance. refer your readers to any other forms
of communication that you’ve created
A question and answer session is a
for your organization.
good way to quickly capture the atten-
tion of readers. You can either compile You can also use this space to remind
questions that you’ve received since readers to mark their calendars for a
the last edition or you can summarize regular event, such as a breakfast
some generic questions that are fre- meeting for vendors every third Tues-
quently asked about your organization. day of the month, or a biannual charity
auction.
A listing of names and titles of manag-
ers in your organization is a good way If space is available, this is a good
to give your newsletter a personal place to insert a clip art image or some
Caption describing picture or graphic.
touch. If your organization is small, you other graphic.
may want to list the names of all em-

35. Acropolis of Athens: The Parthenon
The term “acropolis” is defined as the edge or point of a city, usually
high up. They can be used as a place for shelter, warship of defence
against enemies. Many can be found around Greece, one of the most
historical being The Acropolis of Athens, home of the Parthenon.
The Parthenon (447-436 BC)
Architects
 The Parthenon was commissioned by Pericles, a political leader, after
Greek victories over the Persians
 Phidias, a sculptor, was given the task of rebuilding the ancient
temples overlooking the city of Athens
 Architects Ictinus and Callicrates were called upon to perfect the
Parthenon temple, which in turn took 11 years the build
Major Influences
 Doric ‘order’; first used 150 years prior for the design of Heraion, an
acropolis of sacred and civic buildings gathered around the Temple of
Hera
 Athena, Goddess of Wisdom; she won a competition to become patron and
named the city, Athens, after herself. She became the guardian of Athens
and in her honour, the Parthenon was devoted to her

36. What Makes the Parthenon so Distinctive?
The Parthenon differs from other Greek temples as its exterior was extended
under Pericles’ leadership. While most had a width of 6 columns, the
colonnade was extended to 8, and the length was extended accordingly to 17.
The interior was divided into two chambers, the larger containing a statue of
Athena. To ensure perfection, Ictinus and Callicrates used entasis to
considerably distort the columns on the exterior. This required mathematical
skill among the architects as well as enormous expertise on the builders.
Despite its appearance, there are no true straight lines to be found on the
Parthenon.
Athena’s Statue
Plan of the
Parthenon
The Parthenon is composed of an unusual blend of
Doric and Ionic order, which contain metopes and
frieze. The metopes represent various struggles
faced between order and justice, and criminal
anarchy. Each side depicts a different battle, for
instance, on the south side appears the battle
between the Lapiths and the Centaurs.
the frieze, however, depicts a single subject. On
three sides it can be seen a march of horsemen,
musicians and sacrificial animals.

37. KEY TERMS!!!
Acropolis – Edge of or point of city; upper city
Column – vertical, rough pillar
Entasis – a technique used for distortion causes the eye to see
straight lines where they may appear to curve of sag
Triglyphs – structural member of Doric frieze, triglyphs separate
two consecutive metopes
Metope – any square spaces between triglyphs and the Doric
frieze; can either be plain or decorated
Frieze – a horizontal strip of sculpted or painted decoration
Colonnade – a row of columns supporting a roof
Fun Story Time – The Naming of Athens
Along time ago, there was a man name Cecrops, who was half man
and half snake. He was the very first founder and king of Athens.
Once Athens started to ‘pick up’, Athena and Poseidon both wanted
to be patron. On a verge of attacking each other, Athena had an
idea of who could win the city. The person who gave the city the
best gift would win.
They headed to the Acropolis, gifts in tow. Poseidon was first, and
stabbed the earth with his trident and out shot a spring which began
pouring water. However, while a wonderful sight, the water was
salty, and instantly became less impressive.
Athena, however, merely knelt down and planted something beneath
the ground. A simple olive tree it may have been but it was a very
rich gift. It gave the people food, oil, and wood. Cecrops deemed
Athena the winner and she declared the city after herself, Athens.

38. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
first century BC to seventh century AD
roman architecture is found primarily in Italy.
Their art style was influenced by the Greeks and
the Etruscans and structural remnants of the
roman empire can be found all over the world.
Not only as ruins, roman architecture has
influenced design in the renaissance and in
modern times.
elements of the style
vault: vaults are arched
ceilings or coverings. The can
be made of brick concrete or
other stone and have a
variety of uses.
shown in adjacent images
they can be decorative and
serving no purpose, there are
tall vaulted ceilings in some
buildings. as well as vaulted
awnings called velariums.
dome: domed roofs are a
distinctive feature in roman
architecture. They come in a
number of shapes and sizes and are
usually found on the larger
structures. This feature was
recreated in the renaissance.

39. arch: arches are
large curving
structures used to
span openings and
long distances.
However some are
implemented as
decoration.
Colum: columns are perhaps the
most recognizable feature in roman
architecture. They have three parts
the base, the shaft, and the detailed
capital
There are two types of columns.
Freestanding columns bear weight,
they are used to support buildings.
Engaged columns are purely
decorative. They are attached to
structures and don’t bear weight.
There are also three
artistic styles in the
evolution of columns.
shown on the right the
Doric, ionic, and
Corinthian columns have
varying levels of detail.

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