Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
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Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
- 1. Thinking Critically with Psychological Science Chapter 1
- 9. The Scientific Attitude The scientific attitude is composed of curiosity (passion for exploration), skepticism (doubting and questioning) and humility (ability to accept responsibility when wrong).
- 15. Research Process
- 23. Descriptive Methods Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation describe behaviors. Summary
- 25. Scatterplots Perfect positive correlation (+1.00) Scatterplot is a graph comprised of points that are generated by values of two variables. The slope of the points depicts the direction, while the amount of scatter depicts the strength of the relationship.
- 26. Scatterplots No relationship (0.00) Perfect negative correlation (-1.00) The Scatterplot on the left shows a negative correlation, while the one on the right shows no relationship between the two variables.
- 27. Data Data showing height and temperament in people.
- 28. Scatterplot The Scatterplot below shows the relationship between height and temperament in people. There is a moderate positive correlation of +0.63.
- 29. Correlation and Causation or
- 39. Experimentation A summary of steps during experimentation.
- 40. Comparison Below is a comparison of different research methods.
- 41. Statistical Reasoning Statistical procedures analyze and interpret data allowing us to see what the unaided eye misses. Composition of ethnicity in urban locales
- 42. Describing Data A meaningful description of data is important in research. Misrepresentation may lead to incorrect conclusions.
Notes de l'éditeur
- Psychology 7e in Modules
- Psychology 7e in Modules
- Psychology 7e in Modules
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 1 | Describe hindsight bias and explain how it can make research findings seem like mere common sense. “ Anything seems commonplace, once explained.” Dr. Watson to Sherlock Holmes. Two phenomena – hindsight bias and judgmental overconfidence – illustrate why we cannot rely solely on intuition and common sense.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 2 | Describe how overconfidence contaminates our everyday judgments.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 3 | Explain how the scientific attitude encourages critical thinking.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 4 | Describe how psychological theories guide scientific research.
- Psychology 7e in Modules If we were to observe that depressed people talk about their past, present, and future in a gloomy manner, we may theorize that low-self-esteem contributes to depression.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 5 | Identify the advantages and disadvantages of case studies in studying behavior and mental processes.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 6 | Identify the advantages and disadvantages of surveys in studying behavior and mental processes, and explain the importance of wording effects and random sampling.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 7 | Identify the advantages and disadvantages of naturalistic observation in studying behavior and mental processes.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 8 | Describe positive and negative correlations and explain how correlational measures can aid the process of prediction.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 9 | Explain why correlational research fails to provide evidence of cause-effect relationships.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 10 | Describe how people form illusory correlations.
- Psychology 7e in Modules
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 11 | Explain the human tendency to perceive order in random events.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 12 | Explain how experiments help researchers isolate cause and effect.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 14 | Explain the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 13 | Explain why random assignment and double-blind procedure build confidence in research findings.
- Psychology 7e in Modules Sometime research participants out of enthusiasm or personal beliefs can affect the out come of an experiment. To control for such affects, a double-blind procedure is used, in which the participants and the experimenter’s assistants are not aware of which participants got real treatment and who got placebo.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 15 | Explain the importance of statistical principles, and give an example of their use in daily life.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 16 | Explain how graphs can misrepresent data.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 17 | Describe three measures of central tendency and tell which is most affected by extreme scores.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 18 | Explain two measures of variation.
- Psychology 7e in Modules
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 19 | Identify three principles for making generalizations from samples.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 20 | Explain how psychologists decide whether differences are meaningful.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 21 | Explain the value of simplified laboratory conditions in discovering general principles of behavior.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 22 | Discuss whether psychological research can be generalized across cultures and genders.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 23 | Explain why psychologists study animals, and discuss the ethics of experimentation with both animals and humans.
- Psychology 7e in Modules OBJECTIVE 24 | Describe how personal values can influence psychologists’ research and its application, and discuss psychology’s potential to manipulate people.