12. Multiaxial Classification Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present? Axis IV What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning? Axis V Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present? Axis III Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present? Axis II Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present? Axis I
23. Kinds of Phobias Phobia of blood. Hemophobia Phobia of closed spaces. Claustrophobia Phobia of heights. Acrophobia Phobia of open places. Agoraphobia
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28. Explaining Anxiety Disorders Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas, feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety.
29. The Learning Perspective Learning theorists suggest that fear conditioning leads to anxiety. This anxiety then becomes associated with other objects or events (stimulus generalization) and is reinforced. John Coletti/ Stock, Boston
30. The Learning Perspective Investigators believe that fear responses are inculcated through observational learning . Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
31. The Biological Perspective Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species. Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias.
32. The Biological Perspective Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD are linked with brain circuits like the anterior cingulate cortex. Anterior Cingulate Cortex of an OCD patient. S. Ursu, V.A. Stenger, M.K. Shear, M.R. Jones, & C.S. Carter (2003). Overactive action monitoring in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science, 14, 347-353.
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37. Major Depressive Disorder Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders. In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002). Chronic shortness of breath Gasping for air after a hard run Major Depressive Disorder Blue mood
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39. Dysthymic Disorder Dysthymic disorder lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more. Major Depressive Disorder Blue Mood Dysthymic Disorder
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41. Bipolar Disorder Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase creativity surged, but not during their depressed phase. Bettmann/ Corbis George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library The Granger Collection Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library Whitman Wolfe Clemens Hemingway
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45. Suicide The most severe form of behavioral response to depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide.
46. Biological Perspective Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%). Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. Jerry Irwin Photography
47. Neurotransmitters & Depression Post-synaptic Neuron Pre-synaptic Neuron Norepinephrine Serotonin A reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin has been found in depression. Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine.
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49. Social-Cognitive Perspective The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles .
54. Disorganized & Delusional Thinking Other forms of delusions include, delusions of persecution (“someone is following me”) or grandeur (“I am a king”). This morning when I was at Hillside [Hospital], I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars … I’m Marry Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my eighteenth birthday.” (Sheehan, 1982) This monologue illustrates fragmented, bizarre thinking with distorted beliefs called delusions (“I’m Mary Poppins”).
OBJECTIVE 1 | Identify criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered.
OBJECTIVE 2 | Contrast the medical model of psychological disorders with the biopsychosocial perspective on disordered behavior.
OBJECTIVE 3 | Describe the goals and content of the DSM-IV.
OBJECTIVE 4 | Discuss the potential dangers and benefits of using diagnostic labels.
OBJECTIVE 5 | Define anxiety disorder , and explain how this condition differs from normal feelings of stress, tension, or uneasiness.
OBJECTIVE 6 | Contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.
OBJECTIVE 7 | Explain how a phobia differs from fears we all experience.
OBJECTIVE 8 | Describe the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
OBJECTIVE 9 | Describe the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and discuss survivor resiliency.
OBJECTIVE 10 | Discuss the contributions of the learning and biological perspectives to our understanding of the development of anxiety disorders.
OBJECTIVE 11 | Describe the symptoms of dissociative disorders, and explain why some critics are skeptical about dissociative identity disorder.
OBJECTIVE 12 | Define mood disorders , and contrast major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
OBJECTIVE 13 | Discuss the facts that an acceptable theory of depression must explain.
OBJECTIVE 14 | Summarize the contribution of the biological perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link between suicide and depression.
OBJECTIVE 15 | Summarize the contribution of the social-cognitive perspective to the study of depression, and describe the events in the cycle of depression.
OBJECTIVE 16 | Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia, and differentiate delusion and hallucinations.
OBJECTIVE 17 | Distinguish the five subtypes of schizophrenia, and contrast chronic and reactive schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE 18 | Outline some abnormal brain functions and structures associated with schizophrenia, and discuss the possible link between prenatal viral infections and schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE 19 | Discuss the evidence for a genetic contribution to the development of schizophrenia.
OBJECTIVE 20 | Describe some psychological factors that may be early signs of schizophrenia in children.
OBJECTIVE 21 | Contrast the three clusters of personality disorders, and describe the behaviors and brain activity associated with antisocial personality disorders.
OBJECTIVE 22 | Discuss the prevalence of psychological disorders, and summarize the findings on the link between poverty and serious psychological disorders.
![Psychological Disorders ,[object Object],Marc, diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (from Summers, 1996)](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)