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Pilot Results




The Connected Bus:
Connected and Sustainable Mobility Pilot




A partnership between the City and County of San Francisco and Cisco




Authors
Shane Mitchell
Wolfgang Wagener

Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group
Pilot Results




The Connected Bus: Connected and Sustainable Mobility Pilot


                     Introduction
                     The Connected Bus is a landmark innovation and a key element of the Cisco®
                     Connected Urban Development (CUD) program—a public-private partnership focused
                     on innovative use of information and communications technology (ICT) to make knowl-
                     edge, people, traffic, and energy flow more efficiently. Increased efficiency enhances
                     how people experience urban life, streamlines the management of cities, and decreases
                     the urban environmental footprint.
                     As cities grow, traffic congestion increases, imposing huge costs on local and global
                     economies, and impacting both the environment and quality of life for citizens. Attempts
                     to reduce carbon emissions by cutting consumption of greenhouse-gas-producing
                     fuels have been largely unsuccessful and viewed, by many, as counterproductive to
                     economic growth—such measures are difficult to implement and impossible to enforce.
                     Developing a new approach to the problem is critical, given the urgency posed
                     by rapid climate change.
                     The Connected Bus is one approach cities can take to address these issues, and is
                     a physical representation of a CUD architecture called “Connected and Sustainable
                     Mobility.”1 In today’s knowledge-based society, people often require mobility to gather
                     information or collaborate with others. Moving information to people and conducting
                     virtual collaboration are increasingly possible under this architecture. In this way, people
                     and goods can move freely and safely while preserving the environment and ensuring
                     economic vitality and quality of life.

                     Connected Public Transit
                     Within this mobility architecture is a program called Connected Public Transit (CPT),
                     which is a set of information services that improves passengers’ experience through
                     ubiquitous connectivity. It is intended to make public transportation convenient, com-
                     fortable, efficient, and reliable. Connected Public Transit can incorporate various “smart
                     traveler” features that provide dynamic (changeable) guidance based on user profiles
                     and context using real-time information. Some CPT features will integrate with Personal
                     Travel Assistant (PTA) services that use handheld devices and public monitors located at
                     transit stops and on transit vehicles to provide users with information along their route.
                     The Connected Bus—a proof of concept within the CPT program—is a best practice
                     that, through CUD’s partnership with the city of San Francisco, can be referenced by
                     other cities and scaled around the globe.




1. http://www.connectedurbandevelopment.org/connected_and_sustainable_mobility



                                                                                                                    1
Pilot Results




                      The Connected Bus: Overview
                      The Connected Bus project began in the third quarter of 2007 and is a collaborative
                      effort between the Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG) and the
                      San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA).2

                      The Connected Bus Vision
                      Our vision for The Connected Bus was to develop a smart transportation system that
                      would enhance the customer experience when using public transportation in the City
                      and County of San Francisco, thereby attracting more riders. The pilot was designed to
                      provide passengers with real-time information prominently displayed and accessible
                      on the bus—such as the status of connecting lines at key transfer points—allowing
                      riders to reach their destinations with certainty.
                      In addition, we wanted the bus to streamline transportation-management operations
                      and deliver capabilities and services that address the reduction of carbon emissions
                      and operational costs.
                      The Connected Bus is a 95 percent emissions-free hybrid vehicle3 that helps offset up
                      to 55,000 car trips (270 tons of carbon emissions) each year. Key features include:
                           •	 High-speed	wireless	Internet	access	for	all	passengers
                           •	 “NextMuni”	real-time	travel	information	(location,	routes,	wait	times,	and	more)	via	
                              onboard touch screens
                           •	 “Green	Gauge”	calculator	that	provides	information	on	the	environmental	impact	of	
                              The Connected Bus as it travels throughout San Francisco (see Figure 1)

                      Figure 1. The Connected Bus Green Gauge Calculator




                      Source: Cisco IBSG, Connected Urban Development, 2008




2. http://www.sfmta.com
3. http://www.sfmta.com/cms/mfleet/hybrids.htm



                                                                                                                      2
Pilot Results




                           Click on The Connected Bus to take a video tour of the bus’ features with
                           Dave Evans, chief technologist, IBSG.4 Or, simply type the following URL—
                           http://tinyurl.com/km8xes—into your browser.




                     As part of our vision, we wanted to ensure that The Connected Bus complied with
                     U.S. Federal Transit Administration standards regarding regional and national
                     interoperability:
                          •	 Reduce	the	number	of	devices	for	standards	compliance,	increase	operational	
                             effectiveness through onboard systems integration, and decrease upgrade costs
                          •	 Improve	reliability—this	is	measured	by	schedule	accuracy,	operator	and	vehicle	
                             reliability, supervisor coverage, and congestion management
                          •	 Increase	effectiveness	of	the	transit	operator	by	enabling	efficient	communications,	
                             relieving the burden of information sharing between driver/rider
                     An enhanced transit experience, combined with operational efficiencies and “green”
                     benefits derived from a unique configuration of technologies, positions The Connected
                     Bus as a transit breakthrough that—if deployed broadly—can reduce carbon emissions
                     significantly in cities around the world.

                     The Connected Bus Pilot
                     The Connected Bus pilot was launched at the inaugural Connected Urban Development
                     Conference, February 21-22, 2008, in San Francisco. The Connected Bus was the first
                     public-transit vehicle of its kind to showcase the following technologies: mobile access
                     router, personal computers, touch-screen monitors, digital displays, and software.
                     The Connected Bus gave SFMTA passengers real-time travel information and wire-
                     less connectivity, while providing SFMTA with a new technical infrastructure to improve
                     fleet maintenance, vehicle reliability, and rider safety. These capabilities resulted from
                     a strong partnership and a highly collaborative project spanning seven months, and
                     involving people from more than 40 functional areas.




4. http://www.connectedurbandevelopment.org/multimedia/proof_of_concepts/walk_through



                                                                                                                     3
Pilot Results




Pilot testing took place over a 12-month period in San Francisco, where the bus ran on
one route. Feedback from citizen surveys, analysis from value cases, and data from test
results of the bus’ features and functions were compiled.
The “10 Townsend” line—which runs from the commuter train station through
San Francisco’s Financial District, around the waterfront, and past several high schools—
was the first SFMTA line selected for operational trials because it serves a segment of
the population that owns wireless devices and would most likely use it on the bus. It also
serves a heavily traveled tourist area, which was a good proving ground for real-time
connection information displayed onboard.
The bus followed a six-week burn-in schedule that mirrored the original burn-in
schedule for the electric-hybrid buses. By mirroring the original schedule, SFMTA
planned to collect vehicle maintenance data that could be compared with that of the
initial burn-in period to see if there was a significant change in vehicle health, given
the increased electrical load.
After six weeks, the bus was switched to the “18–46th Avenue,” a relatively long cross-
town bus line on the west side of San Francisco. This line tends to operate at higher
speeds and with fewer stops than most SFMTA lines, and has medium-to-low ridership.
The line was selected for an extended test of The Connected Bus primarily because
it caters to San Francisco residents, services a large number of university/college
students, has moderate passenger loads and high Internet use, and has less potential
for vandalism.

Assessing the Impact of the Pilot
Assessing the economic and environmental impact of The Connected Bus and testing
the CUD hypothesis that technology has a net positive impact are crucial components
of the pilot. In addition, the pilot’s ability to change citizens’ behavior patterns and per-
ceptions about public transportation is important in delivering a sustainable technology
solution. In this context, the goals established at the start of the project resulted in the
following criteria for the pilot:
   •	 Improve	customer	experience	for	public	transportation	users
   •	 Increase	use	of	public	transportation
   •	 Reduce	San	Francisco’s	environmental	footprint
   •	 Integrate	public	transportation	resources
   •	 Take	advantage	of	best	practices	in	all	related	core	areas
   •	 Incorporate	industry	standards
   •	 Present	pilot	project	material	with	meaningful	content
   •	 Engage	citizens	and	civil	society	in	the	pilot
   •	 Create	public	awareness	through	media	exposure
   •	 Implement	technologies	that	can	be	scaled	across	the	SFMTA	fleet




                                                                                                4
Pilot Results




                     Based on past performance and prior assumptions regarding public transportation in
                     San Francisco, data from the pilot study was used to form a number of metrics—both
                     qualitative and quantitative—to determine public perceptions, use trends, and the
                     economic and environmental value case. Several measurements were put in place to
                     record data and account for these broad metrics. Some measurements were taken
                     automatically, while others were derived from riders who shared their opinions about
                     their experiences on The Connected Bus. Furthermore, the value-case approach
                     required a scenario model to capture data acquired in conjunction with the pilot.

                     Public Awareness
                     Public awareness was critical to the pilot. A public relations campaign,5 launched in
                     February 2008 between Cisco and the city of San Francisco, raised considerable
                     awareness among the media. At this time, and subsequently when San Francisco Mayor
                     Gavin	Newsom	highlighted	The	Connected	Bus	during	Earth	Day	the	following	April,	the	
                     initiative was covered by a number of television, print, and online media.
                     In addition, the pilot became the topic of discussion on community blogs and online
                     forums. In this regard, public awareness, publicity, and citizen engagement have been
                     successful. An example of community interest and engagement is shown in Figure 2.

                     Figure 2. Results	from	a	TreeHugger.com	Survey

                         TreeHuggers Embrace The Connected Bus
                         When the bus was first launched, TreeHugger.com, a popular independent website devoted to
                         sustainability and green topics, surveyed its users to determine how much The Connected Bus might
                         increase ridership. The survey indicated that a significant portion of respondents would switch to
                         public transportation if they had access to the services provided in the pilot.

                         Would it make a difference in your transit?

                         I would switch to public transport if I could                           46%
                                          No, I would still drive my car        10%
                                                 I already take the bus                  35%
                                       Other (in comments or forum)             9%

                                                                           0%    20%      40%       60%        80%     100%


                     Source:	TreeHugger.com,	April	2008




5. http://www.theconnectedbus.org



                                                                                                                              5
Pilot Results




Pilot Survey and Results
SFMTA and IBSG conducted a survey halfway through the year-long pilot. We followed
the bus over one day, surveying 64 riders of the “18 Townsend” line. In addition, visitors
to SFMTA’s website were invited to participate in an online survey. Although the sample
size was small, the survey provides useful and insightful findings.

Passenger Use of and Interest in Information Features
Among the survey’s respondents, 64 percent said they had used the connecting-line
information, with 68 percent of respondents stating that passenger information is very
important and likely to increase how frequently they ride. By contrast, only 24 percent
of respondents said they had used onboard Wi-Fi, and only 32 percent considered
Wi-Fi very important. The mean journey time was 24 minutes, which may account for
low Wi-Fi use.
Respondents said they appreciated that a low-emissions vehicle provided onboard
travel information. Seventy-seven percent responded positively to having such features
deployed across the public transit fleet in San Francisco.
Nearly	four	out	of	10	respondents	(36	percent)	said	they	used	the	Green	Calculator,	
and more than 60 percent used the bus GPS locator on the touch-screen monitors.
Additional information from the bus survey is shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5.

Figure 3.		How	Important	to	You	Are	the	Following	Features	of	The	Connected	Bus?


          100
                                                                                        Very important—would lead me
                                                                                        to ride SFMTA more often

                                                                                        Important—would not lead
          80                                                                            me to ride SFMTA more often
                 68                                                                     Not Important
                                                  64

          60
                                                                         49
Percent




                                                                                       40                     37
          40                               35                                 35            34           36
                      32        32   33
                                                       27                                          26                 27

          20                                                        16
                                                              9


           0
                   Wait            Wi-Fi             Bus              My green         Silent alarm   Information
                 times for        access           location           calculator         to driver   on landmarks,
                connecting                                           (estimated         (possible shops, and services
                   lines                                            CO2 savings)          future      along routes
                                                                                         feature)   (possible future
                                                                                                        features)

Source: Cisco IBSG, Economics & Research Practice, March 16, 2009




                                                                                                                           6
Pilot Results




 Figure 4.		Did	You	Use	Any	of	These	Features	on	The	Connected	Bus?


          100
                                                                            Yes, I used this feature onboard
                                                                            No, I did not use this feature onboard
          80                                     76

                     64                                                                                  64
                                                                       60
          60
Percent




                                                                             40
          40              36                                                                       36

                                            24

          20



           0
                 Wait times for          Wi-Fi access                Bus location         My green calculator
                connecting lines                                                        (estimated CO2 savings)

 Source: Cisco IBSG, Economics & Research Practice, March 16, 2009




 Figure 5.			 o	You	Think	It	Is	Worthwhile	for	SFMTA	To	Invest	in	The	Connected	Bus	Features	
            D
            for	the	Entire	Fleet?


          100



          80



          60
Percent




                          39                       38
          40


                                                                                  18
          20
                                                                                                               5

           0
                          Yes                    Maybe                  No, SFMTA should                 Don’t know
                                                                       not spend significant
                                                                      funds on these vehicles

 Source: Cisco IBSG, Economics & Research Practice, March 16, 2009




                                                                                                                      7
Pilot Results




                        Suggestions by respondents for future developments include:
                             •	 Implementing	technology	at	bus	stops	to	provide	an	easy	way	to	pay	fares;	having	
                                more zero-emissions vehicles
                             •	 Providing	information	on	routes	and	arrival	times	to	other	buses	and	transportation	
                                systems such as Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) and Caltrain
                             •	 Adding	“trip	planners”	to	onboard	computer	monitors;	having	larger	monitors	
                                onboard even if they are not touch screens, since some passengers have
                                difficulty reaching screens
                             •	 Providing	information	on	how	many	miles	per	gallon	a	typical	SFMTA	bus	gets	
                                during a route
                             •	 Enabling	Internet	access	on	touch	screens	for	passengers	who	do	not	have	laptops	

                        Value-Case Analysis
                        IBSG developed a value-case model6 to estimate the economic argument for bus travel,
                        to register net environmental impact, and to assess the range of possible reductions in
                        cost and environmental impact enabled by The Connected Bus.
                        The value-case hypothesis is that any investments in improving the effectiveness of the
                        bus’	service	would	result	in	a	positive	Net	Present	Value	(NPV)	proposition	that	can	lead	
                        to a net reduction in carbon emissions. A standard SFMTA bus was the baseline for the
                        value case, comparing it to the technologies deployed on The Connected Bus.
                        We then compiled findings from the prior assumptions value-case model to define the
                        economic and environmental costs and benefits.

                        Economic Costs and Benefits
                        Functionality. Delivering the specific functionality displayed on The Connected Bus
                        requires	a	cumulative	investment	of	US$144,500,	or	nearly	$68,000	(NPV)	over	10	years.	
                        This represents a 10-year total cost per passenger of 6.8 cents, compared with the
                        operating cost of $2.38 per passenger over this same period for a standard bus.
                        Reliability. The Connected Bus is available for an additional 30 hours per year, resulting in
                        an increase in ridership of 3,000 passengers and revenue growth of $2,070 per year.
                        Passenger Information. The principal benefit of the bus is to reduce perceived transfer
                        times among passengers, resulting in an additional 62 bus trips per year and annual
                        revenue of $3,202.




6. For a full description of the methodology, assumptions, sensitivities of the value-case model, and the scenarios explained in this paper, refer to the
   Connected Urban Development solutions toolkit at http://www.connectedurbandevelopment.org/toolkit.




                                                                                                                                                            8
Pilot Results




                      Vendor Integration. An IP platform allows equipment vendors to swap and transmit
                      information using IP rather than proprietary standards. This enables tighter and more
                      effective integration of vendor services, likely leading to lower costs in the long term.
                      Over the 10-year life of the bus, this is equivalent to $500 a year.
                      Traffic-Light Integration. The Connected Bus allows transportation systems to send
                      information to local traffic lights indicating either to hold the green light for an extended
                      time or to shorten the red-light cycle. Doing so provides a 3.13 percent decrease in the
                      usual bus route trip of 90 minutes, suggesting a 1.56 percent improvement in ridership,
                      some 7,734 additional riders each year, and $5,337 in revenue.
                      Other Revenue. Internet access and additional advertising enabled through digital
                      signage are estimated to generate incremental revenue of $500 per bus per year.
                      These	determinants	result	in	an	NPV	of	$19,870	at	a	discount	rate	of	12	percent	per	
                      bus. The impact of The Connected Bus technologies is 10-year cumulative revenue of
                      $144,900 and a 10-year cumulative cost of $100,300. Proportional revenue contributions
                      are shown in Figure 6.

                      Figure 6. The	Connected	Bus	Value-Case	Model

                       IBSG developed an ex-ante, scenario-based value-case model to help cities estimate the impact of
                       The Connected Bus in their environments.

                                                              Transfer          Onboard
                               Setup       Reliability                                       Travel Speed    Revenue          Costs
                                                            Information        Integration

                                                    The Connected Bus Revenues


                           Reliability
                           Transfer Information                                               Passenger Miles/         Average Revenue
                           Onboard Integration                                                   Year/Bus                per Bus Trip
                           Travel Speed                                                           433,125                   $51.75
                           Advertising                                                                                    Annual Base
                                                                                                  Scenario             Ridership per Bus
                                                                                                                            99,000

                                                                                                            NPV ($000)      19.87
                                                                                    10-Year Cumulative Cash Flow ($000)     44.61
                           Additional Passengers per Year 15,375                     10-Year Cumulative Revenue ($000)      144.9
                           Annual Operations Revenues ($) 12,671                         10-Year Cumulative Cost ($000)     100.3
                                 Annual Public Benefits ($) 222,750                  10-Year CO2e7 Metric Tons Avoided      1,450

                      Source: Cisco IBSG Economics & Research Practice, 2008




7. Carbon dioxide equivalent




                                                                                                                                           9
Pilot Results




Environmental Benefits
The environmental benefits of The Connected Bus in Figure 6 are calculated in a simple
manner that avoids some of the complexity of a detailed environmental impact analysis.
Aggregate increased ridership per year is estimated at 15,375. Assuming that 5 percent
of bus trips replaced a car trip, then 769 additional car trips were avoided. Compared
with an average car trip of 6.3 miles (10 kilometers), the bus reduces carbon emissions by
1,537 metric tons. Subtracting the 87-metric-ton construction footprint, estimated in the
value-case model, yields a net environmental benefit of 1,450 metric tons over 10 years.

Learnings
The Connected Bus pilot has been successful in terms of the measurement metrics
stated earlier in this paper. There are, however, some practical considerations that must
be addressed regarding the functioning and positioning of the touch screens for easy
access by all riders, including disabled citizens, and protection against vandalism. Also,
heavy passenger loads and shorter rides were found to limit the use of Wi-Fi Internet
access by bus riders.
Other learnings include:
Provisioning citywide transportation information on The Connected Bus. Information
on bus locations and transfer wait times is currently available at SFMTA stations and
bus shelters. It was important to make sure the appearance of information displayed
in The Connected Bus complemented that of the stations and shelters.
Setting for the pilot. San Francisco provides a challenging operating environment in
several ways. First, shorter rides compared to suburban express trains and buses
make Wi-Fi potentially less attractive. Second, heavy passenger loads on SFMTA buses
make	it	harder	for	riders	to	access	touch	screens	or	use	laptop	computers.	Vandalism	
to the touch screens is a significant concern. On the other hand, with a high transfer
rate on many SFMTA lines, connecting-service wait times are valuable, especially to
The Connected Bus passengers, since Internet use is high in San Francisco.
Mayoral endorsement. When conducting a public transportation pilot like The
Connected Bus, it is essential to have high-level endorsement from government leader-
ship	right	from	the	start.	In	announcing	The	Connected	Bus	pilot,	Mayor	Newsom	referred	
to the use of green technology to furnish passengers an “office on wheels” and provide
amenities	that	would	attract	drivers.	He	highlighted	the	value	of	SFMTA’s	partnership	with	
Cisco in working toward changing citizens’ perceptions of public transportation.
This paper provides a preliminary evaluation of The Connected Bus pilot during the first
six months of use. Our findings focus on passenger-information features. A more exten-
sive	assessment	is	needed	in	the	future	to	provide	a	holistic	perspective;	it	would	
incorporate a review of operational efficiency measures and considerations of the
business model for potential adoption of The Connected Bus fleetwide.




                                                                                              10
Pilot Results




Next Steps
This pilot review has proved valuable in determining the priority SFMTA must give
to integrating the features of The Connected Bus into the city’s public transportation
fleet. The Connected Bus pilot ended March 15, 2009 and was documented in the
CUD program as an exemplar for integrated and sustainable technology within a public
transit system.
Future enhancements to The Connected Bus concept that are under consideration
include integrated operator log-on for all onboard applications, shared location information
across driver and rider accessed by onboard electronic services, and Wi-Fi downloads
of vehicle status in the fleet yard to aid fleet and vehicle diagnostics.
During the next stage of this project, plans include extending the technology architec-
ture embedded into The Connected Bus to other CPT projects. To date, The Connected
Bus architecture has generated significant interest in scaling the model in other cities
globally. Further applications of CPT technology, as applied to “connected bus stops”
and citizen services such as PTAs, are currently being developed in the CUD partner
cities of Amsterdam and Seoul, as well as in other cities outside the CUD program.

Acknowledgements
The Connected Bus pilot has been a partnership between SFMTA and Cisco. Many
organizations and individuals were instrumental in delivering the pilot, most notably:
   •			 ity	and	County	of	San	Francisco
      C
   •			 an	Francisco	Municipal	Transportation	Agency	(SFMTA)
      S
   •			 isco	Corporate	Affairs
      C
   •			 isco	Internet	Business	Solutions	Group	(IBSG)	Innovations,	Public	Sector,	and	
      C
      Strategic Communications practices




                                                                                CB/LW 15738 0609



                                                                                               11

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The Connected Bus: Connected and Sustainable Mobility Pilot

  • 1. Pilot Results The Connected Bus: Connected and Sustainable Mobility Pilot A partnership between the City and County of San Francisco and Cisco Authors Shane Mitchell Wolfgang Wagener Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group
  • 2. Pilot Results The Connected Bus: Connected and Sustainable Mobility Pilot Introduction The Connected Bus is a landmark innovation and a key element of the Cisco® Connected Urban Development (CUD) program—a public-private partnership focused on innovative use of information and communications technology (ICT) to make knowl- edge, people, traffic, and energy flow more efficiently. Increased efficiency enhances how people experience urban life, streamlines the management of cities, and decreases the urban environmental footprint. As cities grow, traffic congestion increases, imposing huge costs on local and global economies, and impacting both the environment and quality of life for citizens. Attempts to reduce carbon emissions by cutting consumption of greenhouse-gas-producing fuels have been largely unsuccessful and viewed, by many, as counterproductive to economic growth—such measures are difficult to implement and impossible to enforce. Developing a new approach to the problem is critical, given the urgency posed by rapid climate change. The Connected Bus is one approach cities can take to address these issues, and is a physical representation of a CUD architecture called “Connected and Sustainable Mobility.”1 In today’s knowledge-based society, people often require mobility to gather information or collaborate with others. Moving information to people and conducting virtual collaboration are increasingly possible under this architecture. In this way, people and goods can move freely and safely while preserving the environment and ensuring economic vitality and quality of life. Connected Public Transit Within this mobility architecture is a program called Connected Public Transit (CPT), which is a set of information services that improves passengers’ experience through ubiquitous connectivity. It is intended to make public transportation convenient, com- fortable, efficient, and reliable. Connected Public Transit can incorporate various “smart traveler” features that provide dynamic (changeable) guidance based on user profiles and context using real-time information. Some CPT features will integrate with Personal Travel Assistant (PTA) services that use handheld devices and public monitors located at transit stops and on transit vehicles to provide users with information along their route. The Connected Bus—a proof of concept within the CPT program—is a best practice that, through CUD’s partnership with the city of San Francisco, can be referenced by other cities and scaled around the globe. 1. http://www.connectedurbandevelopment.org/connected_and_sustainable_mobility 1
  • 3. Pilot Results The Connected Bus: Overview The Connected Bus project began in the third quarter of 2007 and is a collaborative effort between the Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG) and the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA).2 The Connected Bus Vision Our vision for The Connected Bus was to develop a smart transportation system that would enhance the customer experience when using public transportation in the City and County of San Francisco, thereby attracting more riders. The pilot was designed to provide passengers with real-time information prominently displayed and accessible on the bus—such as the status of connecting lines at key transfer points—allowing riders to reach their destinations with certainty. In addition, we wanted the bus to streamline transportation-management operations and deliver capabilities and services that address the reduction of carbon emissions and operational costs. The Connected Bus is a 95 percent emissions-free hybrid vehicle3 that helps offset up to 55,000 car trips (270 tons of carbon emissions) each year. Key features include: • High-speed wireless Internet access for all passengers • “NextMuni” real-time travel information (location, routes, wait times, and more) via onboard touch screens • “Green Gauge” calculator that provides information on the environmental impact of The Connected Bus as it travels throughout San Francisco (see Figure 1) Figure 1. The Connected Bus Green Gauge Calculator Source: Cisco IBSG, Connected Urban Development, 2008 2. http://www.sfmta.com 3. http://www.sfmta.com/cms/mfleet/hybrids.htm 2
  • 4. Pilot Results Click on The Connected Bus to take a video tour of the bus’ features with Dave Evans, chief technologist, IBSG.4 Or, simply type the following URL— http://tinyurl.com/km8xes—into your browser. As part of our vision, we wanted to ensure that The Connected Bus complied with U.S. Federal Transit Administration standards regarding regional and national interoperability: • Reduce the number of devices for standards compliance, increase operational effectiveness through onboard systems integration, and decrease upgrade costs • Improve reliability—this is measured by schedule accuracy, operator and vehicle reliability, supervisor coverage, and congestion management • Increase effectiveness of the transit operator by enabling efficient communications, relieving the burden of information sharing between driver/rider An enhanced transit experience, combined with operational efficiencies and “green” benefits derived from a unique configuration of technologies, positions The Connected Bus as a transit breakthrough that—if deployed broadly—can reduce carbon emissions significantly in cities around the world. The Connected Bus Pilot The Connected Bus pilot was launched at the inaugural Connected Urban Development Conference, February 21-22, 2008, in San Francisco. The Connected Bus was the first public-transit vehicle of its kind to showcase the following technologies: mobile access router, personal computers, touch-screen monitors, digital displays, and software. The Connected Bus gave SFMTA passengers real-time travel information and wire- less connectivity, while providing SFMTA with a new technical infrastructure to improve fleet maintenance, vehicle reliability, and rider safety. These capabilities resulted from a strong partnership and a highly collaborative project spanning seven months, and involving people from more than 40 functional areas. 4. http://www.connectedurbandevelopment.org/multimedia/proof_of_concepts/walk_through 3
  • 5. Pilot Results Pilot testing took place over a 12-month period in San Francisco, where the bus ran on one route. Feedback from citizen surveys, analysis from value cases, and data from test results of the bus’ features and functions were compiled. The “10 Townsend” line—which runs from the commuter train station through San Francisco’s Financial District, around the waterfront, and past several high schools— was the first SFMTA line selected for operational trials because it serves a segment of the population that owns wireless devices and would most likely use it on the bus. It also serves a heavily traveled tourist area, which was a good proving ground for real-time connection information displayed onboard. The bus followed a six-week burn-in schedule that mirrored the original burn-in schedule for the electric-hybrid buses. By mirroring the original schedule, SFMTA planned to collect vehicle maintenance data that could be compared with that of the initial burn-in period to see if there was a significant change in vehicle health, given the increased electrical load. After six weeks, the bus was switched to the “18–46th Avenue,” a relatively long cross- town bus line on the west side of San Francisco. This line tends to operate at higher speeds and with fewer stops than most SFMTA lines, and has medium-to-low ridership. The line was selected for an extended test of The Connected Bus primarily because it caters to San Francisco residents, services a large number of university/college students, has moderate passenger loads and high Internet use, and has less potential for vandalism. Assessing the Impact of the Pilot Assessing the economic and environmental impact of The Connected Bus and testing the CUD hypothesis that technology has a net positive impact are crucial components of the pilot. In addition, the pilot’s ability to change citizens’ behavior patterns and per- ceptions about public transportation is important in delivering a sustainable technology solution. In this context, the goals established at the start of the project resulted in the following criteria for the pilot: • Improve customer experience for public transportation users • Increase use of public transportation • Reduce San Francisco’s environmental footprint • Integrate public transportation resources • Take advantage of best practices in all related core areas • Incorporate industry standards • Present pilot project material with meaningful content • Engage citizens and civil society in the pilot • Create public awareness through media exposure • Implement technologies that can be scaled across the SFMTA fleet 4
  • 6. Pilot Results Based on past performance and prior assumptions regarding public transportation in San Francisco, data from the pilot study was used to form a number of metrics—both qualitative and quantitative—to determine public perceptions, use trends, and the economic and environmental value case. Several measurements were put in place to record data and account for these broad metrics. Some measurements were taken automatically, while others were derived from riders who shared their opinions about their experiences on The Connected Bus. Furthermore, the value-case approach required a scenario model to capture data acquired in conjunction with the pilot. Public Awareness Public awareness was critical to the pilot. A public relations campaign,5 launched in February 2008 between Cisco and the city of San Francisco, raised considerable awareness among the media. At this time, and subsequently when San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom highlighted The Connected Bus during Earth Day the following April, the initiative was covered by a number of television, print, and online media. In addition, the pilot became the topic of discussion on community blogs and online forums. In this regard, public awareness, publicity, and citizen engagement have been successful. An example of community interest and engagement is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Results from a TreeHugger.com Survey TreeHuggers Embrace The Connected Bus When the bus was first launched, TreeHugger.com, a popular independent website devoted to sustainability and green topics, surveyed its users to determine how much The Connected Bus might increase ridership. The survey indicated that a significant portion of respondents would switch to public transportation if they had access to the services provided in the pilot. Would it make a difference in your transit? I would switch to public transport if I could 46% No, I would still drive my car 10% I already take the bus 35% Other (in comments or forum) 9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Source: TreeHugger.com, April 2008 5. http://www.theconnectedbus.org 5
  • 7. Pilot Results Pilot Survey and Results SFMTA and IBSG conducted a survey halfway through the year-long pilot. We followed the bus over one day, surveying 64 riders of the “18 Townsend” line. In addition, visitors to SFMTA’s website were invited to participate in an online survey. Although the sample size was small, the survey provides useful and insightful findings. Passenger Use of and Interest in Information Features Among the survey’s respondents, 64 percent said they had used the connecting-line information, with 68 percent of respondents stating that passenger information is very important and likely to increase how frequently they ride. By contrast, only 24 percent of respondents said they had used onboard Wi-Fi, and only 32 percent considered Wi-Fi very important. The mean journey time was 24 minutes, which may account for low Wi-Fi use. Respondents said they appreciated that a low-emissions vehicle provided onboard travel information. Seventy-seven percent responded positively to having such features deployed across the public transit fleet in San Francisco. Nearly four out of 10 respondents (36 percent) said they used the Green Calculator, and more than 60 percent used the bus GPS locator on the touch-screen monitors. Additional information from the bus survey is shown in Figures 3, 4, and 5. Figure 3. How Important to You Are the Following Features of The Connected Bus? 100 Very important—would lead me to ride SFMTA more often Important—would not lead 80 me to ride SFMTA more often 68 Not Important 64 60 49 Percent 40 37 40 35 35 34 36 32 32 33 27 26 27 20 16 9 0 Wait Wi-Fi Bus My green Silent alarm Information times for access location calculator to driver on landmarks, connecting (estimated (possible shops, and services lines CO2 savings) future along routes feature) (possible future features) Source: Cisco IBSG, Economics & Research Practice, March 16, 2009 6
  • 8. Pilot Results Figure 4. Did You Use Any of These Features on The Connected Bus? 100 Yes, I used this feature onboard No, I did not use this feature onboard 80 76 64 64 60 60 Percent 40 40 36 36 24 20 0 Wait times for Wi-Fi access Bus location My green calculator connecting lines (estimated CO2 savings) Source: Cisco IBSG, Economics & Research Practice, March 16, 2009 Figure 5. o You Think It Is Worthwhile for SFMTA To Invest in The Connected Bus Features D for the Entire Fleet? 100 80 60 Percent 39 38 40 18 20 5 0 Yes Maybe No, SFMTA should Don’t know not spend significant funds on these vehicles Source: Cisco IBSG, Economics & Research Practice, March 16, 2009 7
  • 9. Pilot Results Suggestions by respondents for future developments include: • Implementing technology at bus stops to provide an easy way to pay fares; having more zero-emissions vehicles • Providing information on routes and arrival times to other buses and transportation systems such as Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) and Caltrain • Adding “trip planners” to onboard computer monitors; having larger monitors onboard even if they are not touch screens, since some passengers have difficulty reaching screens • Providing information on how many miles per gallon a typical SFMTA bus gets during a route • Enabling Internet access on touch screens for passengers who do not have laptops Value-Case Analysis IBSG developed a value-case model6 to estimate the economic argument for bus travel, to register net environmental impact, and to assess the range of possible reductions in cost and environmental impact enabled by The Connected Bus. The value-case hypothesis is that any investments in improving the effectiveness of the bus’ service would result in a positive Net Present Value (NPV) proposition that can lead to a net reduction in carbon emissions. A standard SFMTA bus was the baseline for the value case, comparing it to the technologies deployed on The Connected Bus. We then compiled findings from the prior assumptions value-case model to define the economic and environmental costs and benefits. Economic Costs and Benefits Functionality. Delivering the specific functionality displayed on The Connected Bus requires a cumulative investment of US$144,500, or nearly $68,000 (NPV) over 10 years. This represents a 10-year total cost per passenger of 6.8 cents, compared with the operating cost of $2.38 per passenger over this same period for a standard bus. Reliability. The Connected Bus is available for an additional 30 hours per year, resulting in an increase in ridership of 3,000 passengers and revenue growth of $2,070 per year. Passenger Information. The principal benefit of the bus is to reduce perceived transfer times among passengers, resulting in an additional 62 bus trips per year and annual revenue of $3,202. 6. For a full description of the methodology, assumptions, sensitivities of the value-case model, and the scenarios explained in this paper, refer to the Connected Urban Development solutions toolkit at http://www.connectedurbandevelopment.org/toolkit. 8
  • 10. Pilot Results Vendor Integration. An IP platform allows equipment vendors to swap and transmit information using IP rather than proprietary standards. This enables tighter and more effective integration of vendor services, likely leading to lower costs in the long term. Over the 10-year life of the bus, this is equivalent to $500 a year. Traffic-Light Integration. The Connected Bus allows transportation systems to send information to local traffic lights indicating either to hold the green light for an extended time or to shorten the red-light cycle. Doing so provides a 3.13 percent decrease in the usual bus route trip of 90 minutes, suggesting a 1.56 percent improvement in ridership, some 7,734 additional riders each year, and $5,337 in revenue. Other Revenue. Internet access and additional advertising enabled through digital signage are estimated to generate incremental revenue of $500 per bus per year. These determinants result in an NPV of $19,870 at a discount rate of 12 percent per bus. The impact of The Connected Bus technologies is 10-year cumulative revenue of $144,900 and a 10-year cumulative cost of $100,300. Proportional revenue contributions are shown in Figure 6. Figure 6. The Connected Bus Value-Case Model IBSG developed an ex-ante, scenario-based value-case model to help cities estimate the impact of The Connected Bus in their environments. Transfer Onboard Setup Reliability Travel Speed Revenue Costs Information Integration The Connected Bus Revenues Reliability Transfer Information Passenger Miles/ Average Revenue Onboard Integration Year/Bus per Bus Trip Travel Speed 433,125 $51.75 Advertising Annual Base Scenario Ridership per Bus 99,000 NPV ($000) 19.87 10-Year Cumulative Cash Flow ($000) 44.61 Additional Passengers per Year 15,375 10-Year Cumulative Revenue ($000) 144.9 Annual Operations Revenues ($) 12,671 10-Year Cumulative Cost ($000) 100.3 Annual Public Benefits ($) 222,750 10-Year CO2e7 Metric Tons Avoided 1,450 Source: Cisco IBSG Economics & Research Practice, 2008 7. Carbon dioxide equivalent 9
  • 11. Pilot Results Environmental Benefits The environmental benefits of The Connected Bus in Figure 6 are calculated in a simple manner that avoids some of the complexity of a detailed environmental impact analysis. Aggregate increased ridership per year is estimated at 15,375. Assuming that 5 percent of bus trips replaced a car trip, then 769 additional car trips were avoided. Compared with an average car trip of 6.3 miles (10 kilometers), the bus reduces carbon emissions by 1,537 metric tons. Subtracting the 87-metric-ton construction footprint, estimated in the value-case model, yields a net environmental benefit of 1,450 metric tons over 10 years. Learnings The Connected Bus pilot has been successful in terms of the measurement metrics stated earlier in this paper. There are, however, some practical considerations that must be addressed regarding the functioning and positioning of the touch screens for easy access by all riders, including disabled citizens, and protection against vandalism. Also, heavy passenger loads and shorter rides were found to limit the use of Wi-Fi Internet access by bus riders. Other learnings include: Provisioning citywide transportation information on The Connected Bus. Information on bus locations and transfer wait times is currently available at SFMTA stations and bus shelters. It was important to make sure the appearance of information displayed in The Connected Bus complemented that of the stations and shelters. Setting for the pilot. San Francisco provides a challenging operating environment in several ways. First, shorter rides compared to suburban express trains and buses make Wi-Fi potentially less attractive. Second, heavy passenger loads on SFMTA buses make it harder for riders to access touch screens or use laptop computers. Vandalism to the touch screens is a significant concern. On the other hand, with a high transfer rate on many SFMTA lines, connecting-service wait times are valuable, especially to The Connected Bus passengers, since Internet use is high in San Francisco. Mayoral endorsement. When conducting a public transportation pilot like The Connected Bus, it is essential to have high-level endorsement from government leader- ship right from the start. In announcing The Connected Bus pilot, Mayor Newsom referred to the use of green technology to furnish passengers an “office on wheels” and provide amenities that would attract drivers. He highlighted the value of SFMTA’s partnership with Cisco in working toward changing citizens’ perceptions of public transportation. This paper provides a preliminary evaluation of The Connected Bus pilot during the first six months of use. Our findings focus on passenger-information features. A more exten- sive assessment is needed in the future to provide a holistic perspective; it would incorporate a review of operational efficiency measures and considerations of the business model for potential adoption of The Connected Bus fleetwide. 10
  • 12. Pilot Results Next Steps This pilot review has proved valuable in determining the priority SFMTA must give to integrating the features of The Connected Bus into the city’s public transportation fleet. The Connected Bus pilot ended March 15, 2009 and was documented in the CUD program as an exemplar for integrated and sustainable technology within a public transit system. Future enhancements to The Connected Bus concept that are under consideration include integrated operator log-on for all onboard applications, shared location information across driver and rider accessed by onboard electronic services, and Wi-Fi downloads of vehicle status in the fleet yard to aid fleet and vehicle diagnostics. During the next stage of this project, plans include extending the technology architec- ture embedded into The Connected Bus to other CPT projects. To date, The Connected Bus architecture has generated significant interest in scaling the model in other cities globally. Further applications of CPT technology, as applied to “connected bus stops” and citizen services such as PTAs, are currently being developed in the CUD partner cities of Amsterdam and Seoul, as well as in other cities outside the CUD program. Acknowledgements The Connected Bus pilot has been a partnership between SFMTA and Cisco. Many organizations and individuals were instrumental in delivering the pilot, most notably: • ity and County of San Francisco C • an Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA) S • isco Corporate Affairs C • isco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG) Innovations, Public Sector, and C Strategic Communications practices CB/LW 15738 0609 11