SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  17
Ingredients   for   Misinformation A Look at the Barriers Between Scientific Knowledge and Public Perception Bob Conrad, MA, APR bob- [email_address]  – (775) 224-2605 PRSA Educator’s Academy, November 11, 2006 © 2006
Background
Background  / Findings ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scientists ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Scientists ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Example: Monarch butterfly
Scientists ,[object Object],[object Object]
Journalists ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Views of News Media by Scientists and Journalists ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Additional Studies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Perceptual Biases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Perceptual Biases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Perceptual Biases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Perceptual Biases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Perceptual Biases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Perceptual Biases ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Future Research ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Contenu connexe

Similaire à Ingredients for Misinformation

How to grapple with science advice in ideological conflicts
How to grapple with science advice in ideological conflictsHow to grapple with science advice in ideological conflicts
How to grapple with science advice in ideological conflictsSciAdvice14
 
Session 22 Power Point
Session 22   Power PointSession 22   Power Point
Session 22 Power Pointhiratufail
 
Cancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication Landscape
Cancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication LandscapeCancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication Landscape
Cancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication LandscapeBradford Hesse
 
Responsibly epidemiological
Responsibly epidemiologicalResponsibly epidemiological
Responsibly epidemiologicalJames Coyne
 
Social Media in Clinical Research: Presentation for SPARTAN meeting 2018
Social Media in Clinical Research: Presentation for SPARTAN meeting 2018Social Media in Clinical Research: Presentation for SPARTAN meeting 2018
Social Media in Clinical Research: Presentation for SPARTAN meeting 2018Katja Reuter, PhD
 
Scientific integrity
Scientific integrityScientific integrity
Scientific integrityscromartie123
 
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Wylie Burke, "Bioethical Issues in Genomics and E...
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Wylie Burke, "Bioethical Issues in Genomics and E...UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Wylie Burke, "Bioethical Issues in Genomics and E...
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Wylie Burke, "Bioethical Issues in Genomics and E...CTSI at UCSF
 
This chart is adapted from the ACT for Youth Ce.docx
This chart is adapted from the ACT for Youth Ce.docxThis chart is adapted from the ACT for Youth Ce.docx
This chart is adapted from the ACT for Youth Ce.docxtarifarmarie
 
Discussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have do
Discussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have doDiscussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have do
Discussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have dowiddowsonerica
 
Biomedical Research_House of Cards_Editorial
Biomedical Research_House of Cards_EditorialBiomedical Research_House of Cards_Editorial
Biomedical Research_House of Cards_EditorialRathnam Chaguturu
 
Tracking anti vaccine-sentiment in Eastern European social media networks
Tracking anti vaccine-sentiment in Eastern European social media networksTracking anti vaccine-sentiment in Eastern European social media networks
Tracking anti vaccine-sentiment in Eastern European social media networksUNICEF Europe & Central Asia
 
Facing Up The Challenge Sep 27 2007
Facing Up The Challenge Sep 27 2007Facing Up The Challenge Sep 27 2007
Facing Up The Challenge Sep 27 2007veroniquebrisson
 
1 b media effects
1 b   media effects1 b   media effects
1 b media effectspaulteusner
 
6..Study designs in descritive epidemiology DR.SOMANATH.ppt
6..Study designs in descritive  epidemiology DR.SOMANATH.ppt6..Study designs in descritive  epidemiology DR.SOMANATH.ppt
6..Study designs in descritive epidemiology DR.SOMANATH.pptDentalYoutube
 
Acr talk blogging for rheumatologists_final
Acr talk blogging for rheumatologists_finalAcr talk blogging for rheumatologists_final
Acr talk blogging for rheumatologists_finalPhilip Gardiner
 

Similaire à Ingredients for Misinformation (20)

How to grapple with science advice in ideological conflicts
How to grapple with science advice in ideological conflictsHow to grapple with science advice in ideological conflicts
How to grapple with science advice in ideological conflicts
 
Session 22 Power Point
Session 22   Power PointSession 22   Power Point
Session 22 Power Point
 
Cancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication Landscape
Cancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication LandscapeCancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication Landscape
Cancer Prevention & Control in the Changing Communication Landscape
 
E. d2
E. d2E. d2
E. d2
 
PBH.815 Week 2 Lecture
PBH.815 Week 2 LecturePBH.815 Week 2 Lecture
PBH.815 Week 2 Lecture
 
Responsibly epidemiological
Responsibly epidemiologicalResponsibly epidemiological
Responsibly epidemiological
 
Social Media in Clinical Research: Presentation for SPARTAN meeting 2018
Social Media in Clinical Research: Presentation for SPARTAN meeting 2018Social Media in Clinical Research: Presentation for SPARTAN meeting 2018
Social Media in Clinical Research: Presentation for SPARTAN meeting 2018
 
Scientific integrity
Scientific integrityScientific integrity
Scientific integrity
 
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Wylie Burke, "Bioethical Issues in Genomics and E...
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Wylie Burke, "Bioethical Issues in Genomics and E...UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Wylie Burke, "Bioethical Issues in Genomics and E...
UCSF Informatics Day 2014 - Wylie Burke, "Bioethical Issues in Genomics and E...
 
This chart is adapted from the ACT for Youth Ce.docx
This chart is adapted from the ACT for Youth Ce.docxThis chart is adapted from the ACT for Youth Ce.docx
This chart is adapted from the ACT for Youth Ce.docx
 
Discussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have do
Discussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have doDiscussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have do
Discussion Gender Bias in ResearchHistorically, men have do
 
APA Ethical Guidelines
APA Ethical GuidelinesAPA Ethical Guidelines
APA Ethical Guidelines
 
Biomedical Research_House of Cards_Editorial
Biomedical Research_House of Cards_EditorialBiomedical Research_House of Cards_Editorial
Biomedical Research_House of Cards_Editorial
 
Tracking anti vaccine-sentiment in Eastern European social media networks
Tracking anti vaccine-sentiment in Eastern European social media networksTracking anti vaccine-sentiment in Eastern European social media networks
Tracking anti vaccine-sentiment in Eastern European social media networks
 
Facing Up The Challenge Sep 27 2007
Facing Up The Challenge Sep 27 2007Facing Up The Challenge Sep 27 2007
Facing Up The Challenge Sep 27 2007
 
1 b media effects
1 b   media effects1 b   media effects
1 b media effects
 
6..Study designs in descritive epidemiology DR.SOMANATH.ppt
6..Study designs in descritive  epidemiology DR.SOMANATH.ppt6..Study designs in descritive  epidemiology DR.SOMANATH.ppt
6..Study designs in descritive epidemiology DR.SOMANATH.ppt
 
298-1678-2-PB
298-1678-2-PB298-1678-2-PB
298-1678-2-PB
 
Causal pluralism and public health
Causal pluralism and public healthCausal pluralism and public health
Causal pluralism and public health
 
Acr talk blogging for rheumatologists_final
Acr talk blogging for rheumatologists_finalAcr talk blogging for rheumatologists_final
Acr talk blogging for rheumatologists_final
 

Plus de Conrad Communications

Sage-Grouse and Sagebrush Steppe Management
Sage-Grouse and Sagebrush Steppe ManagementSage-Grouse and Sagebrush Steppe Management
Sage-Grouse and Sagebrush Steppe ManagementConrad Communications
 
Invasive Species and the Deteriorating Condition of the Great Basin
Invasive Species and the Deteriorating Condition of the Great BasinInvasive Species and the Deteriorating Condition of the Great Basin
Invasive Species and the Deteriorating Condition of the Great BasinConrad Communications
 
Managing uplands in the sagebrush steppe
Managing uplands in the sagebrush steppeManaging uplands in the sagebrush steppe
Managing uplands in the sagebrush steppeConrad Communications
 
Presentation on Communicating about Science and GMOs
Presentation on Communicating about Science and GMOsPresentation on Communicating about Science and GMOs
Presentation on Communicating about Science and GMOsConrad Communications
 
Nevada Small Farm Conference 2015: The Buy Nevada Program
Nevada Small Farm Conference 2015: The Buy Nevada ProgramNevada Small Farm Conference 2015: The Buy Nevada Program
Nevada Small Farm Conference 2015: The Buy Nevada ProgramConrad Communications
 
News Releases In the Social Media Environment
News Releases In the Social Media EnvironmentNews Releases In the Social Media Environment
News Releases In the Social Media EnvironmentConrad Communications
 
Crisis Communications: Myths, Exceptions, Realities
Crisis Communications: Myths, Exceptions, RealitiesCrisis Communications: Myths, Exceptions, Realities
Crisis Communications: Myths, Exceptions, RealitiesConrad Communications
 
Media Coverage Of Crises Faced By Higher Education
Media Coverage Of Crises Faced By Higher EducationMedia Coverage Of Crises Faced By Higher Education
Media Coverage Of Crises Faced By Higher EducationConrad Communications
 
Lessons Learned: A state government social media reality check
Lessons Learned: A state government social media reality checkLessons Learned: A state government social media reality check
Lessons Learned: A state government social media reality checkConrad Communications
 

Plus de Conrad Communications (16)

Ecological Costs of the Status Quo
Ecological Costs of the Status QuoEcological Costs of the Status Quo
Ecological Costs of the Status Quo
 
Sage-Grouse and Sagebrush Steppe Management
Sage-Grouse and Sagebrush Steppe ManagementSage-Grouse and Sagebrush Steppe Management
Sage-Grouse and Sagebrush Steppe Management
 
Invasive Species and the Deteriorating Condition of the Great Basin
Invasive Species and the Deteriorating Condition of the Great BasinInvasive Species and the Deteriorating Condition of the Great Basin
Invasive Species and the Deteriorating Condition of the Great Basin
 
Managing uplands in the sagebrush steppe
Managing uplands in the sagebrush steppeManaging uplands in the sagebrush steppe
Managing uplands in the sagebrush steppe
 
Presentation on Communicating about Science and GMOs
Presentation on Communicating about Science and GMOsPresentation on Communicating about Science and GMOs
Presentation on Communicating about Science and GMOs
 
Nevada Small Farm Conference 2015: The Buy Nevada Program
Nevada Small Farm Conference 2015: The Buy Nevada ProgramNevada Small Farm Conference 2015: The Buy Nevada Program
Nevada Small Farm Conference 2015: The Buy Nevada Program
 
Political Advertising
Political AdvertisingPolitical Advertising
Political Advertising
 
Data and Marketing Research
Data and Marketing ResearchData and Marketing Research
Data and Marketing Research
 
News Releases In the Social Media Environment
News Releases In the Social Media EnvironmentNews Releases In the Social Media Environment
News Releases In the Social Media Environment
 
Basic Planning
Basic PlanningBasic Planning
Basic Planning
 
Crisis Communications: Myths, Exceptions, Realities
Crisis Communications: Myths, Exceptions, RealitiesCrisis Communications: Myths, Exceptions, Realities
Crisis Communications: Myths, Exceptions, Realities
 
WILDFIRES & INVASIVE SPECIES
WILDFIRES & INVASIVE SPECIESWILDFIRES & INVASIVE SPECIES
WILDFIRES & INVASIVE SPECIES
 
Public Relations Planning
Public Relations PlanningPublic Relations Planning
Public Relations Planning
 
Media Coverage Of Crises Faced By Higher Education
Media Coverage Of Crises Faced By Higher EducationMedia Coverage Of Crises Faced By Higher Education
Media Coverage Of Crises Faced By Higher Education
 
Lessons Learned: A state government social media reality check
Lessons Learned: A state government social media reality checkLessons Learned: A state government social media reality check
Lessons Learned: A state government social media reality check
 
Unconventional PR Strategies
Unconventional PR StrategiesUnconventional PR Strategies
Unconventional PR Strategies
 

Dernier

14680-51-4.pdf Good quality CAS Good quality CAS
14680-51-4.pdf  Good  quality CAS Good  quality CAS14680-51-4.pdf  Good  quality CAS Good  quality CAS
14680-51-4.pdf Good quality CAS Good quality CAScathy664059
 
Traction part 2 - EOS Model JAX Bridges.
Traction part 2 - EOS Model JAX Bridges.Traction part 2 - EOS Model JAX Bridges.
Traction part 2 - EOS Model JAX Bridges.Anamaria Contreras
 
Intermediate Accounting, Volume 2, 13th Canadian Edition by Donald E. Kieso t...
Intermediate Accounting, Volume 2, 13th Canadian Edition by Donald E. Kieso t...Intermediate Accounting, Volume 2, 13th Canadian Edition by Donald E. Kieso t...
Intermediate Accounting, Volume 2, 13th Canadian Edition by Donald E. Kieso t...ssuserf63bd7
 
digital marketing , introduction of digital marketing
digital marketing , introduction of digital marketingdigital marketing , introduction of digital marketing
digital marketing , introduction of digital marketingrajputmeenakshi733
 
How To Simplify Your Scheduling with AI Calendarfly The Hassle-Free Online Bo...
How To Simplify Your Scheduling with AI Calendarfly The Hassle-Free Online Bo...How To Simplify Your Scheduling with AI Calendarfly The Hassle-Free Online Bo...
How To Simplify Your Scheduling with AI Calendarfly The Hassle-Free Online Bo...SOFTTECHHUB
 
Healthcare Feb. & Mar. Healthcare Newsletter
Healthcare Feb. & Mar. Healthcare NewsletterHealthcare Feb. & Mar. Healthcare Newsletter
Healthcare Feb. & Mar. Healthcare NewsletterJamesConcepcion7
 
Excvation Safety for safety officers reference
Excvation Safety for safety officers referenceExcvation Safety for safety officers reference
Excvation Safety for safety officers referencessuser2c065e
 
Data Analytics Strategy Toolkit and Templates
Data Analytics Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesData Analytics Strategy Toolkit and Templates
Data Analytics Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
 
Effective Strategies for Maximizing Your Profit When Selling Gold Jewelry
Effective Strategies for Maximizing Your Profit When Selling Gold JewelryEffective Strategies for Maximizing Your Profit When Selling Gold Jewelry
Effective Strategies for Maximizing Your Profit When Selling Gold JewelryWhittensFineJewelry1
 
Types of Cyberattacks - ASG I.T. Consulting.pdf
Types of Cyberattacks - ASG I.T. Consulting.pdfTypes of Cyberattacks - ASG I.T. Consulting.pdf
Types of Cyberattacks - ASG I.T. Consulting.pdfASGITConsulting
 
20220816-EthicsGrade_Scorecard-JP_Morgan_Chase-Q2-63_57.pdf
20220816-EthicsGrade_Scorecard-JP_Morgan_Chase-Q2-63_57.pdf20220816-EthicsGrade_Scorecard-JP_Morgan_Chase-Q2-63_57.pdf
20220816-EthicsGrade_Scorecard-JP_Morgan_Chase-Q2-63_57.pdfChris Skinner
 
The McKinsey 7S Framework: A Holistic Approach to Harmonizing All Parts of th...
The McKinsey 7S Framework: A Holistic Approach to Harmonizing All Parts of th...The McKinsey 7S Framework: A Holistic Approach to Harmonizing All Parts of th...
The McKinsey 7S Framework: A Holistic Approach to Harmonizing All Parts of th...Operational Excellence Consulting
 
Interoperability and ecosystems: Assembling the industrial metaverse
Interoperability and ecosystems:  Assembling the industrial metaverseInteroperability and ecosystems:  Assembling the industrial metaverse
Interoperability and ecosystems: Assembling the industrial metaverseSiemens
 
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024Adnet Communications
 
Introducing the Analogic framework for business planning applications
Introducing the Analogic framework for business planning applicationsIntroducing the Analogic framework for business planning applications
Introducing the Analogic framework for business planning applicationsKnowledgeSeed
 
Darshan Hiranandani [News About Next CEO].pdf
Darshan Hiranandani [News About Next CEO].pdfDarshan Hiranandani [News About Next CEO].pdf
Darshan Hiranandani [News About Next CEO].pdfShashank Mehta
 
Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...
Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...
Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...ssuserf63bd7
 
20200128 Ethical by Design - Whitepaper.pdf
20200128 Ethical by Design - Whitepaper.pdf20200128 Ethical by Design - Whitepaper.pdf
20200128 Ethical by Design - Whitepaper.pdfChris Skinner
 
trending-flavors-and-ingredients-in-salty-snacks-us-2024_Redacted-V2.pdf
trending-flavors-and-ingredients-in-salty-snacks-us-2024_Redacted-V2.pdftrending-flavors-and-ingredients-in-salty-snacks-us-2024_Redacted-V2.pdf
trending-flavors-and-ingredients-in-salty-snacks-us-2024_Redacted-V2.pdfMintel Group
 

Dernier (20)

14680-51-4.pdf Good quality CAS Good quality CAS
14680-51-4.pdf  Good  quality CAS Good  quality CAS14680-51-4.pdf  Good  quality CAS Good  quality CAS
14680-51-4.pdf Good quality CAS Good quality CAS
 
Traction part 2 - EOS Model JAX Bridges.
Traction part 2 - EOS Model JAX Bridges.Traction part 2 - EOS Model JAX Bridges.
Traction part 2 - EOS Model JAX Bridges.
 
Intermediate Accounting, Volume 2, 13th Canadian Edition by Donald E. Kieso t...
Intermediate Accounting, Volume 2, 13th Canadian Edition by Donald E. Kieso t...Intermediate Accounting, Volume 2, 13th Canadian Edition by Donald E. Kieso t...
Intermediate Accounting, Volume 2, 13th Canadian Edition by Donald E. Kieso t...
 
digital marketing , introduction of digital marketing
digital marketing , introduction of digital marketingdigital marketing , introduction of digital marketing
digital marketing , introduction of digital marketing
 
How To Simplify Your Scheduling with AI Calendarfly The Hassle-Free Online Bo...
How To Simplify Your Scheduling with AI Calendarfly The Hassle-Free Online Bo...How To Simplify Your Scheduling with AI Calendarfly The Hassle-Free Online Bo...
How To Simplify Your Scheduling with AI Calendarfly The Hassle-Free Online Bo...
 
Healthcare Feb. & Mar. Healthcare Newsletter
Healthcare Feb. & Mar. Healthcare NewsletterHealthcare Feb. & Mar. Healthcare Newsletter
Healthcare Feb. & Mar. Healthcare Newsletter
 
Excvation Safety for safety officers reference
Excvation Safety for safety officers referenceExcvation Safety for safety officers reference
Excvation Safety for safety officers reference
 
Data Analytics Strategy Toolkit and Templates
Data Analytics Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesData Analytics Strategy Toolkit and Templates
Data Analytics Strategy Toolkit and Templates
 
Effective Strategies for Maximizing Your Profit When Selling Gold Jewelry
Effective Strategies for Maximizing Your Profit When Selling Gold JewelryEffective Strategies for Maximizing Your Profit When Selling Gold Jewelry
Effective Strategies for Maximizing Your Profit When Selling Gold Jewelry
 
Types of Cyberattacks - ASG I.T. Consulting.pdf
Types of Cyberattacks - ASG I.T. Consulting.pdfTypes of Cyberattacks - ASG I.T. Consulting.pdf
Types of Cyberattacks - ASG I.T. Consulting.pdf
 
20220816-EthicsGrade_Scorecard-JP_Morgan_Chase-Q2-63_57.pdf
20220816-EthicsGrade_Scorecard-JP_Morgan_Chase-Q2-63_57.pdf20220816-EthicsGrade_Scorecard-JP_Morgan_Chase-Q2-63_57.pdf
20220816-EthicsGrade_Scorecard-JP_Morgan_Chase-Q2-63_57.pdf
 
The McKinsey 7S Framework: A Holistic Approach to Harmonizing All Parts of th...
The McKinsey 7S Framework: A Holistic Approach to Harmonizing All Parts of th...The McKinsey 7S Framework: A Holistic Approach to Harmonizing All Parts of th...
The McKinsey 7S Framework: A Holistic Approach to Harmonizing All Parts of th...
 
Interoperability and ecosystems: Assembling the industrial metaverse
Interoperability and ecosystems:  Assembling the industrial metaverseInteroperability and ecosystems:  Assembling the industrial metaverse
Interoperability and ecosystems: Assembling the industrial metaverse
 
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024
TriStar Gold Corporate Presentation - April 2024
 
The Bizz Quiz-E-Summit-E-Cell-IITPatna.pptx
The Bizz Quiz-E-Summit-E-Cell-IITPatna.pptxThe Bizz Quiz-E-Summit-E-Cell-IITPatna.pptx
The Bizz Quiz-E-Summit-E-Cell-IITPatna.pptx
 
Introducing the Analogic framework for business planning applications
Introducing the Analogic framework for business planning applicationsIntroducing the Analogic framework for business planning applications
Introducing the Analogic framework for business planning applications
 
Darshan Hiranandani [News About Next CEO].pdf
Darshan Hiranandani [News About Next CEO].pdfDarshan Hiranandani [News About Next CEO].pdf
Darshan Hiranandani [News About Next CEO].pdf
 
Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...
Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...
Horngren’s Financial & Managerial Accounting, 7th edition by Miller-Nobles so...
 
20200128 Ethical by Design - Whitepaper.pdf
20200128 Ethical by Design - Whitepaper.pdf20200128 Ethical by Design - Whitepaper.pdf
20200128 Ethical by Design - Whitepaper.pdf
 
trending-flavors-and-ingredients-in-salty-snacks-us-2024_Redacted-V2.pdf
trending-flavors-and-ingredients-in-salty-snacks-us-2024_Redacted-V2.pdftrending-flavors-and-ingredients-in-salty-snacks-us-2024_Redacted-V2.pdf
trending-flavors-and-ingredients-in-salty-snacks-us-2024_Redacted-V2.pdf
 

Ingredients for Misinformation

  • 1. Ingredients for Misinformation A Look at the Barriers Between Scientific Knowledge and Public Perception Bob Conrad, MA, APR bob- [email_address] – (775) 224-2605 PRSA Educator’s Academy, November 11, 2006 © 2006
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.