Dr. Malin Pinsky, Rutgers University, presented on his work with respect to the impacts of overfishing on genetic diversity in fishes at the January 9, 2014 STEM Educators' Series.

1. Evolution on your
dinner plate?
Malin Pinsky
Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences
Rutgers University

2. The raw material for evolution
DNA

3. The raw material for evolution
DNA

4. The raw material for evolution
DNA
from
Mother
from
Father

5. Parts of the genome
Gene or locus

6. Parts of the genome
Allele

7. Source of variation
• Mutations

8. Source of variation
• Mutations
• Germ line copy passed to offspring

10. Oh cruel herb of soap,
Bane of burritos worldwide,
The slayer of taste.
from ihatecilantro.com

11. OR6A2 gene
Eriksson et al. 2012 Flavour
People with two
“soapy” alleles
more likely than
others (15% vs.
10%) to dislike
cilantro

12. Population

13. Population

14. Population

15. Population
• Allele frequencies
– 50% blue
– 50% red

16. Phenotype: running speed
Fast
Slow

17. Phenotype: running speed
Fast
Slow
Moderate

18. Population
• Fitness: ability to pass genes on to
future generations

19. Population
• Fitness: ability to pass genes on to
future generations

20. Population
• Fitness: ability to pass genes on to
future generations

21. Population
33% blue
67% red
• Fitness: ability to pass genes on to
future generations

22. Evolution
1. Heritable variation

23. Evolution
1. Heritable variation
2. More offspring than can survive

24. Evolution
1. Heritable variation
2. More offspring than can survive
3. Offspring vary in ability to survive
and reproduce

25. Bighorn sheep
Coltman et al. 2003 Nature

26. tness than rams of lower breeding value
he average horn length observed in the
clined (Figure Ib). Unrestricted harvesting
decline in the trait that determines trophy
removing desirable rams of high genetic
uctive peak.
Bighorn sheep
wice the expected deviation of an individual’s
tion mean) for horn length of trophy-harvested
ountain. Males with greater breeding value are
thus tend to have lower fitnessal. 2003 Nature
Coltman et than males with
Plot of mean (ÆSE) horn length of 4-year-old

27. Fisheries effects
1957

28. Fisheries effects
1957
2007

29. Importance of diversity in populations

30. Importance of diversity in populations
• Raw material for
evolution

31. Importance of diversity in populations
• Raw material for
evolution
• “Insurance policy”

32. Importance of diversity in populations
• Raw material for
evolution
• “Insurance policy”
• Avoid inbreeding

33. Measuring molecular diversity
• Number of alleles

34. Measuring molecular diversity
• Number of alleles
• Heterozygosity
– probability of picking two different alleles

35. Genetic bottlenecks
Alleles:
3
Heterozygosity: 60%

36. Genetic bottlenecks
Alleles:
3
Heterozygosity: 60%
Alleles:
2
Heterozygosity: 40%

37. Bottleneck examples
Robert Schwemmer
Northern elephant seal
Florida panther

38. Can fisheries cause bottlenecks?
Purse seiner for salmon
Tuna, billfishes, swordfish
Myers & Worm 2003 Nature

39. Can fisheries cause bottlenecks?
Collapsed
populations still
abundant!

40. A few examples?
New Zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus)
Number of alleles (Ā)
after Hauser et al. 2002 PNAS
12
11
10
9
8
7
1940
Peter Halasz
1960
1980
2000

41. A few examples?
New Zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus)
Number of alleles (Ā)
after Hauser et al. 2002 PNAS
12
Also:
– Atlantic
cod
– European
plaice
11
10
9
8
7
1940
Peter Halasz
1960
1980
2000

42. A few examples?
New Zealand snapper (Pagrus auratus)
Number of alleles (Ā)
after Hauser et al. 2002 PNAS
12
Also:
– Atlantic
cod
– European
plaice
11
10
But not:
9
8
7
1940
Peter Halasz
1960
1980
2000
– Atlantic
cod
– Bluefin
tuna
– Canary
rockfish

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rranea
microsatellite
tion
Seba
straddled on in 11 species etic diver-oduc(wh
have suffere stes sampled
multip l
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Although six microsatelli
20)
n Se
do high fishing mo
4 .
es (P.demonstrate these
e
across
ulation size are
le by Yoshida et al. (2005), a set
Natur
A 19, 94
maintain gen of
c genetica;diversity.
with the i:10.1016/j.fismofront ingtepredictions (16,baunzaby 2275intra- at the
07
ed
al mar
dispersal
) indicat ns cont
of effective pop barriers, = 500two regioed to aining potentialtions in
h hresdel mat r © 2007 ics exhibited ). ABFTs and inter-specifi
have been already report
ks; Li
the study of 2. nean
appliand
.2007.
tion size conducte across several genera
For many viduals, and wit
fe hist
09.022
marine species, x population dynamElsevier
ective popula
are needed for various other
four additional ry potential d a meta-analysis including
diterra
(eff
or molec
larval dispersal
B.V in the Me
ofy traits ular markers
ona species. We show two
pedigree
of migration The comple
nt
is a a finer scale All right
strong breaks north
of evoluti
ability, and also apparent at critical part . spawning in differeschlegel Á Rockfish Á
population studies to
sity and Monterey Bay, span
s re Sebastes
and
cations, from further
ning an oceanogr
te
species canlarge scale is life history diVemovementeen Keywords served. Genetic
populations.
dramatically aVec ependent rences betw s
aphic gradient and
gic
naturalan upwelling jet. Mod
isolated 14 novel microsatelli
Á Cross-amplification
(15, 21–23).
Siz t
erate genetic struc structure | large pela tic diVe
gene
analysis. In this work, we
Inve
Microsatellites markersat
etic
Sea es among e-d gene Xow.been documented
renc (16).
mon in the north
represented their evaluation
ion size | gen ture is just as comhave latio stigations of ples suggested that
and
mari s
as ulat
e popit is in the sout
widely used areas and periodne popu
ns have been
markers from S. schlegeli,
h, across the biog
DNA | brea
rt time
d conto gauge levels of three geographical sam
graphic effectiv
r sho
ancient
k at Point Concept
n in four other relate
eodisp
nus
with larval traits iation among ersal, which oftentscale persist ove
and
s
ion. Gene Xow is
var such as pela
for cross-species amplificatio
higher amothyn
rranean Sea,
fishes | Thunnu ng
tions inhabi
gene
– Number of alleles (A)
– Heterozygosity (He)
Stock
identi
ty of h
Atlan
tic an orse macke
d Med
rel (Tr
differ iterranean achurus tra
ent sto
S
ck ide ea: Integrati churus) in th
ntifica
n
tion a g the result e Northeas
pproa
t
s from
ches
genetic
ructuring and
l population st Atlantic Bluefin tuna
ra
Spatio-tempo on in depleted
ty retenti
diversi
ranean Sea
markers
zation of microsatellite
of the Mediter
Isolation and characteri
schlegeli,
rockfish Sebastes
for the heavily exploited
r related Sebastes spp.
ies amplification in fou
and cross-spec
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
.0
009
1.2
910
deep-water sp
rally n the last
B
gic duration
subpopula
astern Medite

46. Paired comparisons
Overfished
populations
Healthy species
and population
in same genus
or family
Pinsky et al. 2014 Molecular Ecology

47. Paired comparisons
Overfished
populations
Healthy species
and population
in same genus
or family
Pinsky et al. 2014 Molecular Ecology

48. Paired comparisons
A = 16
He = 0.7
A = 12
He = 0.8
Pinsky et al. 2014 Molecular Ecology
New Zealand
snapper
Other Pagrus
(Pagrus auratus)

49. Paired comparisons
overfished vs. control
n = 12
A50 = 10.2
A = 10.2
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
A50 = 16.6
He =50A = 10.2
0.736
A = 16.6
He =50
0.736
He =50A = 16.6
0.846
50
He = 0.736
He = 0.84616.6
A =
He =50A = 16.6
0.846
He =50A = 16.6
0.846
He =50A = 16.6
0.846
He =50A = 16.6
0.846
He =50A = 16.6
0.846
He =50A = 16.6
0.846
He =50A = 16.6
0.846
He =50A = 16.6
0.846
He =50A = 16.6
0.846
He =50
0.846
He = 0.846

50. Cynoscion
Drum
●
Scombridae
Tunas
●
Flounders
Pleuronectidae
●
Seabream
Pagrus
●
Herrings
Clupeidae
●
Turbots
Scophthalmidae
●
Gadidae
Cods
●
Rockfishes
Sebastes
●
Groupers
Serranidae
●
Snappers
Lutjanus
●
Trachurus
Jack mackerels
●
Smelts
Osmeridae
●
−50
−25
0
25
50
% difference in allelic richness
% More Alleles in Overfished
Pinsky et al. Molecular Ecology

51. Cynoscion
Drum
●
Scombridae
Tunas
●
Flounders
Pleuronectidae
●
Seabream
Pagrus
●
Herrings
Clupeidae
●
Turbots
Scophthalmidae
●
Gadidae
Cods
●
Rockfishes
Sebastes
●
Groupers
Serranidae
●
Snappers
Lutjanus
●
Trachurus
Jack mackerels
●
Smelts
Osmeridae
●
−50
−25
0
25
50
% difference in allelic richness
% More Alleles in Overfished
Pinsky et al. Molecular Ecology

52. Cynoscion
Drum
●
Scombridae
Tunas
●
Flounders
Pleuronectidae
●
Seabream
Pagrus
●
Herrings
Clupeidae
●
Turbots
Scophthalmidae
●
Gadidae
Cods
●
Rockfishes
Sebastes
●
Groupers
Serranidae
●
Snappers
Lutjanus
●
Trachurus
Jack mackerels
●
Smelts
Osmeridae
●
−50
−25
0
25
50
% difference in allelic richness
% More Alleles in Overfished
Pinsky et al. Molecular Ecology

53. Cynoscion
Drum
●
Scombridae
Tunas
●
Flounders
Pleuronectidae
●
Seabream
Pagrus
●
Herrings
Clupeidae
●
Turbots
Scophthalmidae
Overfished
●
populations
●
have lower
diversity ●
Gadidae
Cods
Rockfishes
Sebastes
Groupers
Serranidae
Overfished
populations
have higher
diversity
●
Snappers
Lutjanus
●
Trachurus
Jack mackerels
●
Smelts
Osmeridae
●
−50
−25
0
25
50
% difference in allelic richness
% More Alleles in Overfished
Pinsky et al. Molecular Ecology

54. Cynoscion
Drum
●
Scombridae
Tunas
●
Flounders
Pleuronectidae
●
Seabream
Pagrus
●
Herrings
Clupeidae
●
Turbots
Scophthalmidae
●
Gadidae
Cods
●
Rockfishes
Sebastes
●
Groupers
Serranidae
●
Snappers
Lutjanus
●
Trachurus
Jack mackerels
●
Smelts
Osmeridae
●
−50
−25
0
25
50
% difference in allelic richness
% More Alleles in Overfished
Pinsky et al. Molecular Ecology

55. Cynoscion
Drum
●
Scombridae
Tunas
●
Flounders
Pleuronectidae
●
Seabream
Pagrus
9 of 12 groups
have lower
diversity in
overfished
populations
●
Herrings
Clupeidae
●
Turbots
Scophthalmidae
●
Gadidae
Cods
●
Rockfishes
Sebastes
●
Groupers
Serranidae
●
Snappers
Lutjanus
●
Trachurus
Jack mackerels
●
Smelts
Osmeridae
●
−50
−25
0
25
50
% difference in allelic richness
% More Alleles in Overfished
Pinsky et al. Molecular Ecology

56. Cynoscion
Drum
●
Scombridae
Tunas
●
Flounders
Pleuronectidae
●
Seabream
Pagrus
●
Herrings
Clupeidae
●
Turbots
Scophthalmidae
●
Gadidae
Cods
Average:
12% lower
●
Rockfishes
Sebastes
●
Groupers
Serranidae
●
Snappers
Lutjanus
●
Trachurus
Jack mackerels
●
Smelts
Osmeridae
●
−50
−25
0
25
50
% difference in allelic richness
% More Alleles in Overfished
Pinsky et al. Molecular Ecology

57. Findings
• Weak bottleneck now

58. Findings
• Weak bottleneck now
• Impacts likely started ~1950s: rapid!

59. Findings
• Weak bottleneck now
• Impacts likely started ~1950s: rapid!
• Becoming stronger with time

60. Findings
• Weak bottleneck now
• Impacts likely started ~1950s: rapid!
• Becoming stronger with time
• Lower ability to adapt in the future

61. Summary
• Genetic diversity provides the raw
material for evolution

62. Summary
• Genetic diversity provides the raw
material for evolution
• Evolution is happening all around us

63. Summary
• Genetic diversity provides the raw
material for evolution
• Evolution is happening all around us
• Humans can influence the course of
evolution