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Preparing Students to Thrive in
                                    21st Century America:
                                   The Role for After-School

                                        Richard Murnane and Frank Levy
                                                  April 2004



Richard Murnane is the Thompson Professor of Education and Society at the Harvard
Graduate School of Education. Frank Levy is the Rose Professor of Urban Economics at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Murnane and Levy co-authored The New
Division of Labor: How Computers are Creating the Next Job Market (Princeton University
Press, forthcoming May 2004) and Teaching the New Basic Skills (Free Press, 1996).
Based on their recent research, the authors prepared these slides expressly for the
Reimagining After-School symposium on April 29, 2004.
Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004.


The Changing Economy Leaves Many Young People
Unequipped to Earn a Middle-Class Wage
   According to our research, more and more young people are entering adulthood without the
   skills required to get a middle-class job. The problem is not that our schools are of lower
   quality than in the past, but rather the demands of the economy have changed. Employers
   who pay a decent wage increasingly require employees to know how to engage in expert
   thinking (the ability to solve new problems that cannot be solved by application of rules),
   complex communication (the ability not only to transmit information, but to convey a
   particular interpretation of information to others), and other new basic skills (Murnane and
   Levy, Teaching the New Basic Skills, 1996). These skills include:
          • The ability to read and do math at the ninth-grade level.
          • The ability to solve semi-structured problems where hypotheses must be formed
            and tested.
          • The ability to work in groups with persons of differing backgrounds.
          • The ability to communicate effectively, both orally and in writing.
          • The ability to use computers to carry out simple tasks like word processing.
   If students leave school with the strong foundational skills to succeed in the post-secondary
   programs that the growing high wage occupations require, they will do fine. If young people
   lack these skills, they will be relegated to service sector jobs that do not pay enough to support
   families.
Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004.



After-School Helps Young People Bridge the Skills Gap
    We believe high-quality after-school programs can play important roles in helping students
    develop essential skills for the new economy. Students only acquire expert thinking, complex
    communication, and other new basic skills by practicing them. After-school programs can
    provide students opportunities to practice these skills both individually and in teams and to
    apply them to areas of possible interest.


    In particular, high-quality after-school programs provide:

    •   Forums for students to develop and practice the complex communication skills
        required to thrive in the modern workforce. Aspects include listening, and
        communicating well, both orally and in writing.
    •   Forums for students to develop and practice expert thinking skills. High-quality,
        hands-on after-school programs use reading and math skills to collect and
        organize information and use it to structure and solve problems.
    •   Opportunities for students to learn about different fields of possible interest and to
        try their hand at very different types of activities.
    •   Opportunities for students to develop teamwork and leadership skills.
Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004.



Growing Wage Gap
                                                                 College/High School Wage Gap
   The changing economy has                      $25.00
   been difficult for American high
   school graduates who did not
                                                                                                            H.S. Grads
   go to college. In recent years                $20.00
                                                                                                            Coll. Grads
   the percentage of high school
   graduates who enroll in and
   complete college has                          $15.00
   stagnated.

                                                 $10.00


                                                  $5.00


   Note: All hourly wages are in constant 2001
                                                  $0.00
   dollars. From chapter 3 of Levy-Murnane,
   The New Division of Labor (2004).                      Men 1979      Men 2001        Women 1979         Women 2001
Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004.



Employers Today Require Higher-Order Skills
    The increase in the college/                                 The Adult Occupational Distribution
    high school wage gap stems in               40%
    part from changes in the
                                                35%                                                                1969
    occupational distribution.
                                                                                                                   1999
    According to our research,                  30%
    American high school
                                                25%
    graduates increasingly must
    find work outside of the
                                                20%
    occupations in which they
    historically have worked (blue              15%
    collar work and administrative
                                                10%
    support work) .
                                                5%

                                                0%
                                                      Service      Admin. Support     Technicians      Managers &
                                                      Workers          Workers                        Administrators
    Note: From chapter 3 of Levy-Murnane, The
    New Division of Labor (2004).                            Blue Collar    Sales Related     Professional
                                                              Workers        Occupations      Occupations
Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004.



The Changing Nature of the Workforce
    This figure, drawn from our latest
    research, shows how changes in                       Changes in the tasks carried out by the
    the distribution of occupations in                                                           Complex
                                                           American Work Force: 1969-1998
                                                    15
    the U.S. between 1969 and 1998                                                               Communications
    affected the tasks that American
                                                    10
    workers did. The big declines in                                                                    Expert Thinking
    routine cognitive and routine




                                         % change
                                                     5
    manual tasks stem from the
    growing importance of computers
    in doing this work.                              0
                                                                                                        Routine Cognitive
                                                    -5
    Expert thinking and complex
    communication are ways of                                                                           Routine Manual
                                               -10
    thinking and acting successfully
                                                 1969             1980            1990             1998
    in a world in which computers
    increasingly do the tasks that
    consist of following rules. They
    are critical to thriving in the        Note: From chapter 3 of Levy- Murnane, The New Division of Labor (2004).
    workplace and contributing to life
    in a pluralistic democracy.
Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004.



Questions and Answers about the Changing Economy
   Why did the percentage of the labor force employed in blue-collar and
      administrative support work (the historical jobs for high school graduates)
      decline so rapidly?

   •   These are the easiest jobs to computerize because they basically involve following
       well-defined rules.
   •   For the same reason, they are also the easiest kind of work to out-source.



   What will happen to high school graduates who, in the past, would have worked in
      blue-collar and administrative support occupations?

   •   If they leave school with the strong foundational skills needed to succeed in the post-
       secondary education programs that the growing high wage occupations require, they
       will do fine.
   •   If not, they will be relegated to the service sector jobs that are also growing in
       number, but that do not pay enough to support families because almost all adults
       can do them.
Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004.


After-School Helps Young People Build the Skills They
Need for the 21st Century Economy
    High-quality after-school learning can help students develop expert thinking, complex
    communication, and other new basic skills that employers require for high-wage
    occupations.
          • Small group activities that are typical of after-school programs can help young
            people develop teamwork and leadership skills.
          • Choice-based activities and opportunities to interact with mentors provide
            opportunities for students to learn about different fields of interest.
          • After-school provides venues to develop math and literacy skills in context, for
            example, by participating in service learning or hands-on apprenticeships.
          • After-school provides time, venues, and individual attention that allow practice of
            expert thinking and complex communication skills.

    We believe that high-quality after-school programs can be a full partner to K-12 education in
    equipping young people with the critical skills for a post-secondary education, a middle-class
    job, and participation in a pluralistic democracy.

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Preparing Students to Thrive in 21st Century America: The Role for After-School

  • 1. Preparing Students to Thrive in 21st Century America: The Role for After-School Richard Murnane and Frank Levy April 2004 Richard Murnane is the Thompson Professor of Education and Society at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Frank Levy is the Rose Professor of Urban Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Murnane and Levy co-authored The New Division of Labor: How Computers are Creating the Next Job Market (Princeton University Press, forthcoming May 2004) and Teaching the New Basic Skills (Free Press, 1996). Based on their recent research, the authors prepared these slides expressly for the Reimagining After-School symposium on April 29, 2004.
  • 2. Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004. The Changing Economy Leaves Many Young People Unequipped to Earn a Middle-Class Wage According to our research, more and more young people are entering adulthood without the skills required to get a middle-class job. The problem is not that our schools are of lower quality than in the past, but rather the demands of the economy have changed. Employers who pay a decent wage increasingly require employees to know how to engage in expert thinking (the ability to solve new problems that cannot be solved by application of rules), complex communication (the ability not only to transmit information, but to convey a particular interpretation of information to others), and other new basic skills (Murnane and Levy, Teaching the New Basic Skills, 1996). These skills include: • The ability to read and do math at the ninth-grade level. • The ability to solve semi-structured problems where hypotheses must be formed and tested. • The ability to work in groups with persons of differing backgrounds. • The ability to communicate effectively, both orally and in writing. • The ability to use computers to carry out simple tasks like word processing. If students leave school with the strong foundational skills to succeed in the post-secondary programs that the growing high wage occupations require, they will do fine. If young people lack these skills, they will be relegated to service sector jobs that do not pay enough to support families.
  • 3. Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004. After-School Helps Young People Bridge the Skills Gap We believe high-quality after-school programs can play important roles in helping students develop essential skills for the new economy. Students only acquire expert thinking, complex communication, and other new basic skills by practicing them. After-school programs can provide students opportunities to practice these skills both individually and in teams and to apply them to areas of possible interest. In particular, high-quality after-school programs provide: • Forums for students to develop and practice the complex communication skills required to thrive in the modern workforce. Aspects include listening, and communicating well, both orally and in writing. • Forums for students to develop and practice expert thinking skills. High-quality, hands-on after-school programs use reading and math skills to collect and organize information and use it to structure and solve problems. • Opportunities for students to learn about different fields of possible interest and to try their hand at very different types of activities. • Opportunities for students to develop teamwork and leadership skills.
  • 4. Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004. Growing Wage Gap College/High School Wage Gap The changing economy has $25.00 been difficult for American high school graduates who did not H.S. Grads go to college. In recent years $20.00 Coll. Grads the percentage of high school graduates who enroll in and complete college has $15.00 stagnated. $10.00 $5.00 Note: All hourly wages are in constant 2001 $0.00 dollars. From chapter 3 of Levy-Murnane, The New Division of Labor (2004). Men 1979 Men 2001 Women 1979 Women 2001
  • 5. Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004. Employers Today Require Higher-Order Skills The increase in the college/ The Adult Occupational Distribution high school wage gap stems in 40% part from changes in the 35% 1969 occupational distribution. 1999 According to our research, 30% American high school 25% graduates increasingly must find work outside of the 20% occupations in which they historically have worked (blue 15% collar work and administrative 10% support work) . 5% 0% Service Admin. Support Technicians Managers & Workers Workers Administrators Note: From chapter 3 of Levy-Murnane, The New Division of Labor (2004). Blue Collar Sales Related Professional Workers Occupations Occupations
  • 6. Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004. The Changing Nature of the Workforce This figure, drawn from our latest research, shows how changes in Changes in the tasks carried out by the the distribution of occupations in Complex American Work Force: 1969-1998 15 the U.S. between 1969 and 1998 Communications affected the tasks that American 10 workers did. The big declines in Expert Thinking routine cognitive and routine % change 5 manual tasks stem from the growing importance of computers in doing this work. 0 Routine Cognitive -5 Expert thinking and complex communication are ways of Routine Manual -10 thinking and acting successfully 1969 1980 1990 1998 in a world in which computers increasingly do the tasks that consist of following rules. They are critical to thriving in the Note: From chapter 3 of Levy- Murnane, The New Division of Labor (2004). workplace and contributing to life in a pluralistic democracy.
  • 7. Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004. Questions and Answers about the Changing Economy Why did the percentage of the labor force employed in blue-collar and administrative support work (the historical jobs for high school graduates) decline so rapidly? • These are the easiest jobs to computerize because they basically involve following well-defined rules. • For the same reason, they are also the easiest kind of work to out-source. What will happen to high school graduates who, in the past, would have worked in blue-collar and administrative support occupations? • If they leave school with the strong foundational skills needed to succeed in the post- secondary education programs that the growing high wage occupations require, they will do fine. • If not, they will be relegated to the service sector jobs that are also growing in number, but that do not pay enough to support families because almost all adults can do them.
  • 8. Slides prepared by Richard Murnane and Frank Levy, April 2004. After-School Helps Young People Build the Skills They Need for the 21st Century Economy High-quality after-school learning can help students develop expert thinking, complex communication, and other new basic skills that employers require for high-wage occupations. • Small group activities that are typical of after-school programs can help young people develop teamwork and leadership skills. • Choice-based activities and opportunities to interact with mentors provide opportunities for students to learn about different fields of interest. • After-school provides venues to develop math and literacy skills in context, for example, by participating in service learning or hands-on apprenticeships. • After-school provides time, venues, and individual attention that allow practice of expert thinking and complex communication skills. We believe that high-quality after-school programs can be a full partner to K-12 education in equipping young people with the critical skills for a post-secondary education, a middle-class job, and participation in a pluralistic democracy.