Solar Disruption

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Crowdsourcing Week

By Bruce Douglas. Presented at Crowdsourcing Week Europe 2016. For more information and details on our next event, visit www.crowdsourcingweek.com.

Solar disruption
The number 1 power source
Bruce Douglas
Chief Operating Officer, SolarPower Europe
Chairman, Global Solar Council
November 2016

2
What is SolarPower Europe?
• The new EPIA (European Photovoltaic
Industry Association)
• A member led association
representing organisations active
along the whole value chain
• Shapes the regulatory environment
and enhances business opportunities
Over 200 members including the following leading companies:

Founding Association Members
3

4
1. Cheapest power source in many regions
2. Highly versatile
3. Fast deployment
4. Significant local socio-economic benefits
5. Hedge against future electricity price
increase: cost of MW/h known in advance
and fixed for 20 years
6. Clean (locally and globally)
SOLAR DISRUPTION

5
1.Tipping point?

6
TIPPING POINT - INVESTMENTS

7
TIPPING POINT – GROWTH OF RENEWABLES

POWER GENERATION CAPACITIES ADDED IN THE EU 28 IN 2015
Source: EWEA, ESTELA, SOLARPOWER EUROPE
TIPPING POINT - INSTALLATIONS

9
TIPPING POINT – ENERGY CONSUMPTION
US EIA

EMERGING MARKETS
EVOLUTION OF EUROPEAN ANNUAL PV GRID CONNECTIONS VS.
GLOBAL 2010 - 2015
© SolarPower Europe 2016

11
SUNNY 5-YEAR FORECAST FOR MOST MARKETS
Global Market Outlook 2016-2020

12
CHEAPER THAN GAS & COAL
Carbon Tracker

13
2. Cost of energy

14
VIRTUOUS PRICE CIRCLE

15
COST REDUCTION OF PV MODULES
BNEF

SOLAR INCREASINGLY COST-COMPETITIVE
– EVEN WITH ONSHORE WIND
16
REDUCTION IN LCOE – COMPARED TO WIND (1)
Global Market Outlook 2016-2020
Location $/MWh
US 38
Dubai 29
Mexico 35
Abu Dhabi 24
Chile 29
Argentina 59

17
REDUCTION IN LCOE – COMPARED TO WIND (2)

18
Large-scale solar is now cost-competitive with other technologies…

19
COST REDUCTIONS - 2025
IRENA – Global weighted average cost – PV installed

COST REDUCTIONS - 2050
Source: AGORA Energiwende
A combination of price competition, long-term contracts, good resources
and financial de-risking measures creates deployment opportunities in
newer markets and at lower costs.

21
3. #1 Power Source

22
GROWTH to 2020 – Annual global market
Global Market Outlook 2016-2020
UNCERTAINTY IN POLICY SUPPORT MEANS THE FORECAST FOR
ANNUAL INSTALLATIONS IN 2020 RANGES FROM 62 TO 120 GW !

IF MARKET DESIGN IS SET CORRECTLY, SOLAR AS LOWEST
COST RES COULD REACH 15% SHARE IN EU BY 2030
23
GROWTH to 2030 – EU electricity contribution
Global Market Outlook 2016-2020

24
ENERGY STORAGE: GROWTH to 2030

GROWTH to 2040 - High global penetration levels
GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS COULD REACH 5000 GW BY
2040 WHICH WOULD PROVIDE 15% OF GLOBAL
ELECTRICITY

26
GROWTH to 2050 – Cumulative global scenario
IEA

#1 POWER SOURCE

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Ethan will talk about the opportunity to reward crowdsourcing participants through crypto assets/tokens that allows the possibility of performing many micro transactions, saving costs for both the business and the users. In addition, the topic of transparency coming from the blockchain sector where business are now becoming more open to have the public help with tough R&D questions that in the past would have been kept internal. The blockchain industry is in fact growing communities as their branding strategy from the start, and rely on transparency for their community to trust them. All in all, we are seeing the tools in the making to ignite crowdsourcing’s future potential within decentralized business models. Lastly, we will dive into current use case studies from crowdholding.com, on creating a crowd rewarding mechanism for both crowd intelligence and crowd marketing.

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In our research paper titled "Qualitative Analysis on Tax Evasion and Reasons for Reluctance to Join ATL in Pakistan," we delve into the intricate dynamics of tax compliance and explore the underlying reasons why individuals in Pakistan might hesitate to become a part of the Active Taxpayer List (ATL) within the framework of business law and taxation. With a multidisciplinary approach, our team of five researchers embarked on an in-depth exploration of tax evasion behaviors and the factors influencing them. Through qualitative analysis, we aimed to unravel the complex interplay of socio-economic, cultural, and institutional factors shaping tax compliance attitudes among Pakistani taxpayers. Drawing on a diverse range of qualitative research methods, including interviews, focus groups, and content analysis, we gathered rich insights from a diverse sample of individuals representing various sectors of the economy. By immersing ourselves in the lived experiences and perceptions of taxpayers, tax advisors, and legal experts, we uncovered nuanced perspectives on tax evasion practices and attitudes toward ATL membership. Our findings highlight the multifaceted nature of tax evasion in Pakistan, shedding light on both the motivations driving non-compliance and the barriers to ATL enrollment. From perceived inefficiencies in the tax system to cultural norms and trust deficits in governmental institutions, our research identifies a myriad of factors contributing to tax evasion behavior and reluctance to join ATL. Furthermore, our study offers valuable implications for policymakers, tax authorities, and business stakeholders seeking to enhance tax compliance and foster a culture of transparency and accountability in Pakistan's taxation landscape. By addressing the underlying drivers of tax evasion and promoting the benefits of ATL membership, policymakers can design more effective strategies to broaden the tax base and promote sustainable economic development. In conclusion, our research paper represents a comprehensive endeavor to deepen our understanding of tax compliance dynamics in Pakistan and elucidate the complexities surrounding ATL enrollment. By unraveling the intricacies of tax evasion behaviors and attitudes, we hope to contribute to informed policymaking and foster a culture of tax compliance and integrity in Pakistan's business and taxation environment.

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1. Solar disruption The number 1 power source Bruce Douglas Chief Operating Officer, SolarPower Europe Chairman, Global Solar Council November 2016

2. 2 What is SolarPower Europe? • The new EPIA (European Photovoltaic Industry Association) • A member led association representing organisations active along the whole value chain • Shapes the regulatory environment and enhances business opportunities Over 200 members including the following leading companies:

3. Founding Association Members 3

4. 4 1. Cheapest power source in many regions 2. Highly versatile 3. Fast deployment 4. Significant local socio-economic benefits 5. Hedge against future electricity price increase: cost of MW/h known in advance and fixed for 20 years 6. Clean (locally and globally) SOLAR DISRUPTION

5. 5 1.Tipping point?

6. 6 TIPPING POINT - INVESTMENTS

7. 7 TIPPING POINT – GROWTH OF RENEWABLES

8. POWER GENERATION CAPACITIES ADDED IN THE EU 28 IN 2015 Source: EWEA, ESTELA, SOLARPOWER EUROPE TIPPING POINT - INSTALLATIONS

9. 9 TIPPING POINT – ENERGY CONSUMPTION US EIA

10. EMERGING MARKETS EVOLUTION OF EUROPEAN ANNUAL PV GRID CONNECTIONS VS. GLOBAL 2010 - 2015 © SolarPower Europe 2016

11. 11 SUNNY 5-YEAR FORECAST FOR MOST MARKETS Global Market Outlook 2016-2020

12. 12 CHEAPER THAN GAS & COAL Carbon Tracker

13. 13 2. Cost of energy

14. 14 VIRTUOUS PRICE CIRCLE

15. 15 COST REDUCTION OF PV MODULES BNEF

16. SOLAR INCREASINGLY COST-COMPETITIVE – EVEN WITH ONSHORE WIND 16 REDUCTION IN LCOE – COMPARED TO WIND (1) Global Market Outlook 2016-2020 Location $/MWh US 38 Dubai 29 Mexico 35 Abu Dhabi 24 Chile 29 Argentina 59

17. 17 REDUCTION IN LCOE – COMPARED TO WIND (2)

18. 18 Large-scale solar is now cost-competitive with other technologies…

19. 19 COST REDUCTIONS - 2025 IRENA – Global weighted average cost – PV installed

20. COST REDUCTIONS - 2050 Source: AGORA Energiwende A combination of price competition, long-term contracts, good resources and financial de-risking measures creates deployment opportunities in newer markets and at lower costs.

21. 21 3. #1 Power Source

22. 22 GROWTH to 2020 – Annual global market Global Market Outlook 2016-2020 UNCERTAINTY IN POLICY SUPPORT MEANS THE FORECAST FOR ANNUAL INSTALLATIONS IN 2020 RANGES FROM 62 TO 120 GW !

23. IF MARKET DESIGN IS SET CORRECTLY, SOLAR AS LOWEST COST RES COULD REACH 15% SHARE IN EU BY 2030 23 GROWTH to 2030 – EU electricity contribution Global Market Outlook 2016-2020

24. 24 ENERGY STORAGE: GROWTH to 2030

25. GROWTH to 2040 - High global penetration levels GLOBAL INSTALLATIONS COULD REACH 5000 GW BY 2040 WHICH WOULD PROVIDE 15% OF GLOBAL ELECTRICITY

26. 26 GROWTH to 2050 – Cumulative global scenario IEA

27. #1 POWER SOURCE

Editor's Notes

Learning curve – economies of scale Fallen 80% since 2009 and will continue to fall 10% a year – a further 60% by 2025