ROSE Seminar

Assessment of the impact of
seismic retrofit on 1920-1940
reinforced concrete blocks of flats
Maria BOSTENARU
Rui PINHO

CA‘REDIVIVUS project
The title
=
Reinforced Concrete
CASA REDIVIVUS
Cemento Armato
HOUSE TO NEW LIFE

objectives
(measures package)
objective
(measure)
scientific method
instruments
step
goal
Methodology

Step Goal Method Instrument Measure
1 technical reports on implementation
programmes
documentation investigation
training.
4; 8
2 a data table of use for the decision
method in the next step
parametrical study FEM 2
3 support the choices at step 4 and step
1
highlighting
comprehensibility
database 7
4 algorithm based on case studies (step
2) for experiments (step 6)
modularisation of the
decision model
pair wise
comparison
3
5 report about available systems for this
purpose
a basis system to
administrate modules
computer tools 6
6 trial of educational feasibility (step 3) project example exercise 5
7 dissemination of results presentation publications 1
Nr. Measures package
1 improving understanding of the
impact of earthquakes
2 development of an algorithm for
optimisation of retrofit measures
3 development of a decentralised
decision model
4 insights into applicability of
retrofit methods
5 development of a framework for
integral planning
6 solving contradictions between
the objectives of single actors
7 highlighting the comprehend-
sibility of the measures analysed
8 support changes by political and
economic environment:
Methodology

Modernism
 a global movement in architecture,
music, arts, physics, philosophy,
economic and social theory and
industrialisation in the first half of the
20th century
 one of the nuclei: housing programme
 Industrial development > new
technologies > reinforced concrete >
innovation

Modernism
 Western Europe: social housing
 other: new image to capital cities,
housing for the middle class in
preferential areas
 CIAM and Charter of Athens (1933):
functionalism
 Seismic issues neglected
 Nostalgy for that time in Greece and
Romania

The Charter of Athens
 1933
 Organisation of cities in functional
zones
 Bucharest Master Plan 1934 > design
of buildings in the interwar time
• Ground occupancy > planimetric
irregularity
• Raised permitted height to define
streets by their fronts > set-back floors
• Encouraged mixed use in central zone

Comparative analysis
Romania Greece Italy Portugal
location capital capital N (Como, Milano) capital
city
centre
close to the
railway
station
city centre,
close to the
railway
station
Development
boulevards N
EQ
damage
2 EQs one EQ none none
maintenance
poor mixed good good
architect numerous several several Cassiano
Branco
programme residential residential,
school
residential,
offices
residential,
hotels

Greece
 Athens: absence of town planning
applications
 Extensions section by section, on
rudimentary street layouts > parcels
of rectangular contour result; the
parcels are like for individual
dwellings
 Small blocks, but parcels bigger than
in Bucharest

Greece
 Morphologic language: cubist and
ornamentless structures, like on the
islands
 1929: new legislation
• Multiple ownership of blocks of flats
 1925 establishment of Reinforced
concrete as material for load-bering
structures of buildings
 Buildings have 5-6 storeys

Bedroom / night zone
Living room, including dinning
Corridors / circulation zone
Bathrooms, toillets
Kitchen
Hall / vertical circulation
Deposit / external circulation
Legend:
Functional scheme in a
Greek apartment building

Romania
 End of XIXth century: Haussmannian
intervention of tracing main
boulevards in the city: major
throughfares and irregular parcels on
them resulted, fully occupied
 Urban section of Modern buildings
with no equal in Europe (in other
places historic centres completed
long before); middle class housing

Romania
 Bucharest Master Plan 1934, one
year after the CIAM in Athens
 Main traffic routes reinforced by the
street facade, cornice raised to 24m
on the N-S boulevard, higher at
intersection corners > set-backs
 Mixed use with cinemas and shops
 The height of the building varied
from 2-3 to 12 floors

Romania
 Earthquakes 1940 and 1977
 In 1940 Carlton building collapsed
 1977 about 30 buildings built 1920-
1940 collapsed
 ARO building, restored after a fire,
behaved well
 The buildings were replaced by new
ones of less architectural value and
the unity of the boulevard was
destroyed

Romania
 The reinforced concrete structure
permitted flexibility in the
organisation of the floor and among
the floors
 No moment resisting frames > RC
scheleton, sometimes with masonry
infill > seismic vulnerability

Romania

Functional scheme in a
Romanian ap. building
Bedroom / night zone
Living room, including dinning
Corridors / circulation zone
Bathrooms, toillets
Kitchen
Hall / vertical circulation
Deposit / external circulation
Legend:

Structural scheme of a
Romanian apartment building

Seismic features
Element Seismic
Deficiency
Earthquake
Resistent Features
Earthquake
Damage Patterns
Infill panels consoles Increasing stiffness rifts
Columns No moment
resisting frames
Low reinforcement
- Plastic hinges at soft
storey
Concrete spalling
Beams No moment
resisting frames
Well reinforced Plastic hinge in long
beams
Oblique rifts in short
beams
Roof and
Floors
too elastic Alternative solutions
with embeded bricks
More rifts at stair
flights

Italy
 At the begin of the century:
• Arte Nuova and Futurism
• Reasoned picturesque (edilizia cittadina)
 Reasoned picturesque and
enthusiasm for the vernacular
building > contextualism
(l‘ambientismo)
 Contextualism will be maintained in
Italian Rationalism also.

Italy
 Urban planning approch in Italian
architecture begun well before the
CIAM
 1920-1940:
• Milanese Novecento – housing for the
middle class, flexibility in RC, stappeled
villa, serial building plan
• Italian Rationalism – innovated volumes
and facades, building plans remained
conventional

Portugal
 Reinforced concrete
 Boulevards of haussmannian type N
of the city > geometric parcels
 Cassiano Branco, typology easy to
repeat

Portugal

Historical
Building
Element
Material
Vulnerability
Structure
performance
Retrofit
elements
Strategy
Architect Engineer
Inhabitant Investor
Execution
Acceptance
Occupancy
Management
Availability
Indicators
Reversibility
Guidelines
Displacement, maximal
Tension
Facade
Interior space
Structure
Demolition
Size change
Looks change
Construction material change
Material
Earthquake
Shape score
Structure score
Forces
Displacement, remaining
Element replacement
New element
Non-structural > structural
System completion
Strengthening/Stiffening
Enhanced ductility
Reduced demand
Duration
Noise
Relocation
Participation
Ownership form
Safety
Own expenses
Other benefits
During measure
After measure
After earthquake
Aggregate
Building site
Phases
Repeatability
Construction material versus
Technology versus
Funds
Relocation space
Reparation/New building
Retrofit/New building
Reparation saving/Retrofit
Compatibility with old
Conservation of old
Maintenance new
Sustainability
Partial demolition
Historical
Building
Element
Material
Vulnerability
Structure
performance
Retrofit
elements
Strategy
Architect Engineer
Reversibility
Guidelines
Displa
Tensio
Facade
Interior space
Structure
Demolition
Size change
Looks change
Materi
Earthq
Shape
Structu
Forces
Displa
Elemen
New e
Non-st
System
Streng
Enhanc
Reduce
Conservation of old
Maintenance new
Sustainability
Partial

Urban – building scale
interdependence
ZONE B
ZONE A
ZONE C
BUILDING Y
BUILDING X
BUILDING Z
ELEMENT α
ELEMENT β
ELEMENT γ
marketingmanagementparticipation
consistsof

Number Legend
Volume height accents
47 (incl. 12 with aesthetic
qualities; 1 negative)
bordeaux-
red-orange
volume silhouette accents 4 blue
functional landmarks 1 triangles
aesthetic qualities 9+12 blue strips
negative value 4+1 black strips
Mapping of the hierarchy of the elements and of the façade (fronts
typology: continuous line = continuously built front, interrupted and
continuous line = front full with alveolar injections, interrupted line =
front broken by isolated buildings and vegetation, point line =
unstructured front; hierarchy of perception points: dark green =
intersection place, turquoise = reverence place, magenta = private/half-
private space, grey lines = public space with half-private character, light
green = public environmental space, dark magenta = public space).
Urban scale - IMPACT

Historical
Building
Element
Material
Vulnerability
Structure
performance
Retrofit
elements
Strategy
Architect Engineer
Inhabitant Investor
Execution
Acceptance
Occupancy
Management
Availability
Indicators
Reversibility
Guidelines
Tension
Facade
Interior space
Structure
Demolition
Size change
Looks change
Material
Earthquake
Shape score
Structure score
Forces
Element replacement
New element
System completion
Enhanced ductility
Reduced demand
Duration
Noise
Relocation
Participation
Ownership form
Safety
Own expenses
Other benefits
During measure
After measure
After earthquake
Aggregate
Building site
Phases
Repeatability
Technology versus
Funds
Relocation space
Conservation of old
Maintenance new
Sustainability
Partial demolition
Material Strategy
Inhabitant Investor
Execution
Acceptance
Occupancy
Management
Availability
Indicators
Residential value
Sys
Str
En
Red
Duration
Noise
Relocation
Participation
Ownership form
Safety
Own expenses
Other benefits
During measure
After measure
After earthquake
To
Ag
Bu
Pha
Rep
Co
Tec
Fun
Re
Rep
Ret
Rep
Conservation of old
Maintenance new
Sustainability

Participatism

Case study HaDiKo

Historical
Building
Element
Material
Vulnerability
Structure
performance
Retrofit
elements
Strategy
Architect Engineer
Inhabitant Investor
Execution
Acceptance
Occupancy
Management
Availability
Indicators
Reversibility
Guidelines
Tension
Facade
Interior space
Structure
Demolition
Size change
Looks change
Material
Earthquake
Shape score
Structure score
Forces
Element replacement
New element
System completion
Enhanced ductility
Reduced demand
Duration
Noise
Relocation
Participation
Ownership form
Safety
Own expenses
Other benefits
During measure
After measure
After earthquake
Aggregate
Building site
Phases
Repeatability
Technology versus
Funds
Relocation space
Conservation of old
Maintenance new
Sustainability
Partial demolition
aterial Strategy
nhabitant Investor
xecution
cceptance
ccupancy
Management
Availability
Indicators
ntial value
System completion
Enhanced ductility
Reduced demand
Total costs/New bldg. – 30%
Aggregate
Building site
Phases
Repeatability
Technology versus
Funds
Relocation space

Historical
Building
Element
Material
Vulnerability
Structure
performance
Retrofit
elements
Strategy
Architect Engineer
Inhabitant Investor
Execution
Acceptance
Occupancy
Management
Availability
Indicators
Reversibility
Guidelines
Tension
Facade
Interior space
Structure
Demolition
Size change
Looks change
Material
Earthquake
Shape score
Structure score
Forces
Element replacement
New element
System completion
Enhanced ductility
Reduced demand
Duration
Noise
Relocation
Participation
Ownership form
Safety
Own expenses
Other benefits
During measure
After measure
After earthquake
Aggregate
Building site
Phases
Repeatability
Technology versus
Funds
Relocation space
Conservation of old
Maintenance new
Sustainability
Partial demolition
Historical
Building
Element
Material
Vulnerability
Structure
performance
Retrofit
elements
Strategy
Architect Engineer
Tension
Material
Earthquake
Shape score
Structure score
Forces
Element replacement
New element
System completion
Enhanced ductility
Reduced demand
Partial demolition

Phasing of retrofit
1st phase
2nd phase

Layout of retrofit elements
1st phase
2nd phase

Retrofit options
pushover Y
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Displacement N6206
Baseshear(N)
Base Shear Y
Base Shear Y retrofit2
Base Shear Y retrofit3
160
Base Shear Y concrete
jacketing
higher disturbance
medium disturbance
lower disturbance
original

Demolition
Vulnerability
Retrofit
Structural
performance
Strategy
Building
Historical
Element
Material
EngineerArchitect
InvestorUser
Management
Availability
Indicators
Execution
Acceptability
Use
Residential value
Earthquake
Shape score
Material
Element replacement
New elements
Partial demolition
Forces
Maximal displacement
Stresses
Facade
Interiors
Structural system
Reversibility
Guidelines
Size change
Looks change
Material change
Compatibility
Conservation
Maintenance
Aggregate
Building site
Phases
Repeatability
Material versus
Technologie v.
Replace space
Reparation/Rebuild
Reparation-saving/Retrofit
Total costs/Rebuild – 30%
Duration
Noise
Move
Participation
Property form
Assurance
Own costs share
Other advantages
During measure
After measure
After earthquake
Remaining displacement
Structure score
Sustainability
Funding money
Retrofit/Rebuild
50%15%
20%15%
50%
15%
15%
10%
50%
30%
10%
10%
70%
10%
40%
40%
20%
50%
50%
30%
30%
10%
30%
40%
20%
40%
30%
50%
10%
30%
15%
5%
70%
70%
15%
70%
10%
30%
30%
50%
20%
10%
30%
30%
30%
50%
15%
20%
15%
20%
30%
30%
20%
20%
20%
10%
50%
25%
25%
25%
25%
20%
Reduced demand
Enhanced ductility
StrengtheningStiffening
System completion
10%
55%
30%
5%
10%
10%
30%
40%
20%

Conclusions
 typological study
 Athens (Charter proclaimed),
Bucharest (Charter applied)
considered for the model
 Greek and Romanian blocks of flats:
• mixed use (commercial functions at GF,
residential above)
• Greek buildings: 5-6 storeys
• Bucharest, zone dependent, 2-12 floors

Conclusions
 economic development, framework also
given in Portugal and Italy,
 possibility to employ new technologies: RC.
 The model building: compromise between
the Greek and the Romanian typology
• six storeys
• a regular array (2.4, 3.6 and 6m span) of
columns (Greek)
• irregular planimetry
• section typical for Romanian parcels

Conclusions
 Different countries, different frame
conditions
• Romania: irregularity of buildings
> addition of structural elements
• Greece: lack of ductility
> FRP wrapping
• Italy: no seismic hazard in this zone
• Portugal: small sample of buildings of
that type

Conclusions
 The decision tree has shown that it is
a difficult problem to satisfy the
contradicting goals of the interest
groups considered.

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