AP World History: New Imperialism PPT

1. The New Imperialism
Europe Dominates the Modern
Era

2. Part 1:
Internal Troubles, External
Threats
China and the Ottoman Empire
1800-1914

3. The Big Ideas
• The External Challenge: European
Industry and Empire
– New motives, new means
– New perceptions of the “Other”
• Reversal of Fortune: China’s Century of
Crisis
– The crisis within
– Western pressures
– The failure of conservative modernization

4. • The Ottoman Empire and the West
in the 19th Century
– “The Sick Man of Europe”
– Reform and its opponents
– Outcomes: Comparing China and the
Ottoman Empire
• Reflections: Success and failure in
history

5. The External Challenge:
European Industry and
Empire
Section A

6. New Motives, New Means
• 19th century= Europe’s golden age of
expansion and domination of global
trade
• Europeans used new technology to push
further than ever into Asia and Africa
• Even newly independent states in Latin
America became economically dependent
on the West

7. • Industrialization became a major motive
for imperial expansion
• Europeans sought colonies to gain
– Raw materials
• Gold and diamonds from Africa
– Cash crops
• Beef from Argentina
• Cocoa and palm oil from West Africa
• Rubber from Brazil
• Tea from Ceylon

8. • Europeans also sought new markets for
their manufactured goods
– This kept factories humming and the
proletariat working
– By 1840, the British were exporting 60 % of
their cotton textiles
• 200 million yards to Europe
• 300 million yards to Latin America
• 145 million yards to India
• Europeans were also looking for new places
to invest their capital
– Between 1910 and 1913, Britain spent about
half of its savings on foreign investment in its
colonies

9. “Yesterday I attended a meeting of the
unemployed in London and having listened to wild
speeches which were nothing more than a scream
for bread, I returned home convinced more than
ever of the importance of imperialism… In order to
save the 40 million inhabitants of the United
Kingdom from a murderous civil war, the colonial
politicians must open up new areas to absorb the
excess population and create new markets for the
products of mines and factories… The British
Empire is a matter of bread and butter. If you
wish to avoid civil war, then you must become an
imperialist.”
• Cecil Rhodes

10. • Nationalism, especially after
the unification of Germany
in the 1870s led to
widespread competition to
gain colonies
– Gaining land became more
important than what the land
could provide
– Colonies became a nation’s
marker of wealth and power

11. • Imperialism also provided a way for nations
to reach their goals
– Construction of the Suez canal sped up trade
between Europe and Asia
– The Underwater telegraph made it possible to
communicate instantaneously with people on
different continents
– Quinine helped Europeans prevent Malaria
– Breech-loading rifles further increased
European military might

12. Questions
• What motives led to increased European
imperialism in the Industrial Age?
• How did imperialism benefit European
nations?
• What technology helped Europeans
colonize more rapidly?

13. New Perceptions of the
“Other”
• Imperialism contributed to shaping
European views of Asians and Africans
in the 19th century
• Europeans were VERY ethnocentric,
seeing a world in which two kinds of
people existed; themselves and others.

14. • The more industrialization increased, the
more Europeans looked down on colonized
peoples
– Images of “John Chinaman” replaced once
respected Chinese scholars in the European
psyche, and fear of the “yellow peril” spread
– Once powerful African slaving kingdoms were
reduced to “tribes” in European eyes

15. • Europeans used the lens of modern
science as a way of justifying racism
and judging non-Western societies
– Phrenologists and craniologists claimed that
differences in skull shapes/sizes marked
intelligence
• they claimed their “science” proved the
superiority of whites!
• This led to classification of non-whites as “Child
races” that needed to be supervised by
Westerners
• In 1850, British anatomist Robert Knox said,
“Race is everything, civilization depends on it.”

16. • Racial supremacy also
became fuel for European
expansion
– In 1883, Briton Jules Ferry said,
“Superior races have a right,
because they have a duty.”
– British poet Rudyard Kipling
explained the importance and
burden of colonization to
Americans in his poem, “The
White Man’s Burden” in 1899

17. Take up the White Man's
burden--
Send forth the best ye breed--
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild--
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's
burden--
The savage wars of peace--
Fill full the mouth of Famine
And bid the sickness cease;
And when your goal is nearest
The end for others sought,
Watch sloth and heathen Folly
Bring all your hopes to naught.
Take up the White Man's burden--
And reap his old reward:
The blame of those ye better,
The hate of those ye guard--
The cry of hosts ye humour
(Ah, slowly!) toward the light:--
"Why brought he us from bondage,
Our loved Egyptian night?"
Take up the White Man's burden--
Have done with childish days--
The lightly proferred laurel,
The easy, ungrudged praise.
Comes now, to search your manhood
Through all the thankless years
Cold, edged with dear-bought
wisdom,
The judgment of your peers!
“The White Man’s Burden”

18. Question
• Based on this poem by Rudyard Kipling,
what is the white man’s burden?

19. • Social Darwinism = a perversion of Darwin’s
survival of the fittest theory
• It argued that Europeans were destined to
displace or destroy “unfit” races.
• A British Bishop said of the Australian
aborigines
– “Everyone who knows a little about the
aboriginal races is aware that those races which
are of a low type of mentality and who are at the
same time weak in constitution rapidly die out
when their country comes to be occupied by a
different race much more rigorous, robust, and
pushing than themselves.”

20. Questions
1. In what ways did the Industrial
Revolution shape the character of 19th
century European imperialism?
2. What contributed to changing
European views of Asians and Africans
in the 19th century?

21. Reversal of Fortune
China’s Century of Crisis
Section B

22. The Crisis Within
• How China was a victim of its own
success:
– Strong economy and American food crops
led to rapid population growth
– China was mired in the past and did not
industrialize
– Unemployment and poverty soared
– Famines broke out all over the Chinese
countryside as the land was over used

23. • China’s government did not change to meet
the new needs of its people
– Government size stayed the same while
population soared
– Corruption became commonplace
• In 1852, a government official stated:
– “Day and night soldiers are sent out to harass
taxpayers. Sometimes corporal punishment was
imposed on tax delinquents; some of them so
badly beaten to exact the last penny that blood
and flesh fly in all directions.”

24. • Other problems arose as the dynasty
declined
– Banditry
– Peasant rebellions
• Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864): Biggest
of all of the peasant rebellions
– Leader, Hong Xiuquan, claimed to be
Jesus' brother and had taken and failed
the civil service test many times
– Desired to create a “heavenly kingdom of
great peace”
– Rejected Confucianism, Taoism, and
Buddhism

25. • The Taiping Rebellion aimed to remove
the foreign Qing Dynasty who Hong
accused of poisoning China from power
• The Taiping rebellion spread quickly, by
1853 they had established a new capital
in Nanjing

26. • Why did the Taiping Rebellion fail?
– Inability to link up all rebelling groups
– Rise of factions within the Taiping
– The Qing Dynasty enlisted the help of
Western Powers to help crush the rebellion
– Provincial landowners fearing the radical
Taiping also helped put down rebels

27. • Effects of the Taiping Rebellion
– By 1864 the rebellion was over, but the
Qing were incredible weakened
– 20 to 30 million Chinese were dead
– Western powers gained even more power in
China

28. Questions
• Of the various internal problems
facing the Qing which played the
greatest role in the decline of the
dynasty and why?

29. External Threats to Qing
China
• The Opium War, Western powers gain a
foothold into China
– The British broke China’s positive balance
of trade by ramping up opium (grown in
India) imports smuggled into China
– By the time Chinese officials realized the
problem there was too much corruption, and
too many addicts for the Qing government
to stop it.

30. Chinese/British trade in Canton (1835-1836)
British Exports to Canton
(in Spanish dollars)
• Opium: …..……17,904,248
• Cotton: …………8,357,394
• Other Items:..6,164,981
• Total: ………….32,426,623
British Imports from China
(in Spanish dollars)
• Tea: …………….13,412,623
• Raw Silk: ………3,764,115
• Vermillion: ………705,000
• Other Items: 5,971,541
• Total:………....23,852,899
Write a generalization based on the information in the table above

31. • China attempts to stop the Opium trade
– 1836: Emperor appoints Lin Zexu to stop
the importations
– Lin writes a letter Queen Victoria asking
her to stop the imports
– He also seizes and destroys 3 million
pounds of Opium

32. Commissioner Lin's letter to
Queen Victoria, Jan. 15, 1840
• . . . Even though the barbarians may not
necessarily intend to do us harm, yet in
coveting profit to an extreme, they have no
regard for injuring others. Let us ask, where
is your conscience? I have heard that the
smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by
your country; that is because the harm caused
by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not
permitted to do harm to your own country,
then even less should you let it be passed on
to the harm of other countries . . .

33. Question
• What is the tone of Lin’s letter and
what makes him a reliable source??

34. • Britain’s response to Lin Zexu: War!

35. • The Treaty of Nanjing: China’s defeat
and humiliation
– This is China’s first unequal treaty
– Forced the Qing to accept foreign
ministers into their court
– Gave Europeans control of 5 major ports
– Granted Europeans the right of
extraterritoriality

36. • More Chinese
losses erode Qing
power
– 1858: Loose the
Second Opium War
to the British 
more ports placed
under foreign
control
– 1885: Loose
Vietnam to France
– 1895: Loose Korea
and parts of
Manchuria to
Japan

37. Question
• How did trade serve to undermine the
Qing Dynasty?

38. The Failure of Conservative
Reform
• The Self-Strengthening Movement: Qing
attempts to reform
– 1860s-1870s
– Overhauled the exam system
– Supported public works
– Attempted to build some industry and mining
– Discusses creating a parliament and
constitution

39. • Why the reforms fail:
– Too little, too late!
– Conservative landlords feared that
urbanization and industrialization would
erode their power
– Fear, hatred and distrust of Empress
Dowager Cixi (women leaders = bad luck!)
– Industry was largely controlled by
foreigners

40. • The Boxer Rebellion (1898-
1901)
– Led by local militias like the
Society of Righteous and
Harmonious Fists
– Anti-foreign movement aimed
at driving out foreign powers
(including the Manchu)
– Quasi-religious movement that
drew upon marital arts folklore
– The Qing again used Western
powers to crush the rebellion,
increasing foreign power in
China

41. • “The War in China:
• We’ll all work together to be firm and
faithful. Hipp, hipp Hurray!”

42. • By the early 20th century, the
Qing dynasty was on the verge
of collapse
• Contact with Westerners and
foreign domination 
increasing nationalism
• 1911: Western educated
doctor Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-
Sen) leads a revolution that
topples the Qing and
establishes a short-lived
republic

43. Question
• Explain why reform failed in both the
Ottoman and Qing Dynasties

44. Summary
• Evidence of Qing decline appears by the
late 18th century
– Exams marred by cheating, bribery, and
“substitutes”
• Public works in disrepair, especially
along the rivers
– By 1860, 6 million peasants displaced and all
of their crops and livestock lost to flooding
along the Yellow River

45. • Opium wars highlight the military
weakness of Qing China
• Unequal treaties Treaty of Nanjing
lead to Foreign control of trade in all
major ports (Spheres of Influence)
• Rebellions like the Taiping attempt to
overthrow the Qing, further weakening
the dynasty

46. • Attempts at reform, like the self-
strengthening movement = too little, too
late
• Boxer Rebellion ends with more foreign
control in China
• 1911- Sun Yat-Sen (Sun Yixian) overthrows
the Qing and establishes a short-lived
republic.
• Cixi takes the blame

47. Questions
1. What were some of the causes of discontent in
19th century China?
2. In what way and to what extent did foreign
trade effect China?
3. What role did foreign powers play in the
decline of the Qing dynasty?
4. What strategies did China adapt to deal with
its various problems?
5. In what ways did these strategies
reflect China’s own history?
6. In what ways did these strategies
reflect the growing influence of
the West on China?

48. The Ottoman Empire
From “The Strong Sword of
Islam” to the “The Sick Man of
Europe”
Section C

49. “The Sick Man of
Europe”
• In 1750 the Ottoman Empire was large
and stable.
– Centered around the Anatolian Peninsula
– Extended across the Arabian Peninsula
– Governed most of Egypt and Northern
Africa
– Protected pilgrims on their way to Mecca

50. • The Ottoman Empire was in a serious
state of decline by the middle of the
19th century
– Pressure from the West
• 1853-1856 Crimean War
– Internal problems
• 1820 Greek Revolution
• Other nationalist movements

51. • Nationalism breaks apart the Ottoman
Empire
– Nationalist revolts supported by Britain and
Russia lead to independence for Greece,
Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria

52. • Decentralization of power hurt both the
Ottoman and the Qing
– As local leaders gained power, collecting
revenue became more difficult

53. • Growing European trade and
industrialization hurt the Ottoman
Economy
– New oceanic shipping routes limited
Ottoman ability to trade
– Cheap manufactured goods flooded
Ottoman markets driving artisans out of
business
– Trade agreements with Western powers
were similar in effect to the unequal
treaties signed with China

54. Questions
• Discuss the various factors that
served to undermine the Ottoman
Empire during the Modern Era

55. Reform and Its Opponents
• Ottoman leaders realized the need for
reform and attempted programs of
“defensive modernization”
• Attempts at reform were earlier and
more vigorous than the Chinese self-
strengthening movement

56. • Selim III makes the first attempt to
change
– Wants to update the military
– Seen as a threat to the ulama and the
Janissaries
– Selim III is overthrown and murdered in
1807

57. • The Tanzimat (reorganization) reforms
were begun in 1839
– Attempted to create a more centralized
state
– Created some industry including modernizing
paper making, military armaments, and
building rail roads
– Reclaimed and resettled agricultural land
– Created a modern postal system
– Created Western styled laws and courts
– Granted equal legal rights to religious
minorities

58. • Imperial proclamation from 1839:
Every distinction or designation to make
any class whatever of the subjects of the
empire inferior to another class, on
account of their religion, language or race
shall be forever effaced. … No subject of
my Empire shall be hindered in the
exercise of the religion he professes. …
All the subjects of my Empire, without
distinction of nationality, shall be
admissible to public employment.

59. • Reform raised a bunch of questions
within Ottoman society
– What was the Ottoman Empire and who
were its people?
– Supporters tended to be fairly young
lower-level officials, military officers,
poets, writers, and journalists who had
been educated in the West

60. • What did young Western educated elites
(Young Ottoman) want?
– European style democratic, constitutional
governments with limited monarchies
– Islamic modernization: adoption of Western
technical and scientific knowledge without
compromising religious character
• Victory: 1876 Abdul Hamid
accepts a constitution and
creates a parliament

61. • Reasons for the failure of reform:
– Crimean war creates a political crisis, and
Abdul Hamid suspends the constitution
• Reaction to the failure of reform:
– Young Western educated social and military
elites form the Young Turks
– Demand the gov’t completely secularize
– Want to create a Turkish state
• 1908: Young Turks gain more power
after leading a military coup but side
with Central Powers in WWI

62. • The Eastern Question: Western powers
wonder what to do with the “Sick Man
of Europe”
– How should Western European rulers deal
with the Ottoman Empire?
– No longer a threat
– Held together volatile parts of Asia and
Europe
– Held important place geographically
between Mediterranean Sea and Indian
Ocean

63. – Worry that collapse will destroy Europe’s
delicate Balance of Power
– Western nations especially nervous about
increasing Austrian and Russian power
– Britain and France support Turks against
Russia and Austria even as they take over
parts of the empire
– Building of the Suez Canal and the start of
the Crimean war make this issue even more
pressing!

64. • The Ottoman Empire collapsed after
World War I, but the Westernizing
principals of the Young Turks shaped
the new Turkish nation that emerged in
1919

65. Questions
• For what reasons was the ottoman
Empire considered the “Sick Man of
Europe”?
• In what ways and to what extent is this
name deserved?

66. Summary
• By 1750, the Ottoman are in obvious
decline
• Slow to adopt new military technology,
strategy, weapons, tactics, etc.
• Nationalist movements  loss of
territory in Greece and Serbia
• Local leaders gain increasing power
(Muhammad Ali- Egypt)

67. • Attempts to reform: Selim III, and
Mahmud II, Tanzimat Reforms
• Conservative backlash- Abd-al-Hamid II
throws out constitution
• Crimean War highlights military
weakness
• Emergence of Young Turks
• Ottoman referred to as the “Sick Man
of Europe” b/c of their inability to
reform, failed attempts to westernize,
and continued political turmoil.

68. Questions
1. What are some of the ways the
Ottoman state responded to various
problems?
2. What was the “Eastern Question” and
how did Western powers deal with it?
3. How did the young western educated
elites perceive the Ottoman Empire?
4. Compared to China, how effective was
the Ottoman Empire at solving its
problems?

69. Outcomes: Comparing China
and the Ottoman Empire
• Similarities
– Prior to the 19th century both areas were
centers of proud vibrant civilizations
– By the beginning of the 20th century both
were semi-colonies of “informal empires”
– Neither successfully created strong
industrial bases
– Both collapsed in the early 1900s
– Both gave rise to new nations based on
nationalist ideas in the 20th century

70. • Political Differences:
– In China the collapse of the Qing dynasty in
1911 led to a long period of revolution,
occupation, and civil war that did not end
until 1949
– By contrast, the collapse of the Ottoman
regime after World War I  the creation
of a new, though much smaller Turkish
state in the former heartland of the
Ottoman empire

71. • Social Differences:
– China’s 20th century revolutionaries
rejected their Confucian past
– Although the Turkish republic is a secular
state, the role of religion in society has not
been diminished

72. Reflections: Success and
Failure in History
• Things to consider when deciding if
Japan was more successful in the 19th
century than China or the Ottoman:
– Criteria for success: What does success
mean?
– Success for whom: The Young Turks make
many reforms, but does it benefit everyone
in the Empire?

73. Questions for REVIEW
1. How did European expansion differ in
the 19th century from that of the early
modern era (1450-1750)?
2. “The response of each society to
European imperialism grew out of its
larger historical development and its
internal problems” Support this
statement with evidence!

74. Colonial Encounters: 1750-
1914
Part 2

75. The Big Ideas
• A second wave of European conquests
• Under European control
– Cooperation and rebellion
– Colonial empires with a difference
• Ways of working: Comparing colonial
economies
• Believing and belonging: Identity and
cultural change in the colonial era

76. A Second Wave of European
Conquests
Section A

77. Old versus New Imperialism
• Old Imperialism: 1500s-1750, conquest
of the Americas and establishment of
trading posts
• New Imperialism: 1750-1914
– Focused on Africa and Asia
– Featured Germany, Italy, Belgium, the US
and Japan, in addition to Britain and France
– Spain and Portugal largely uninvolved
– Some formal, but mostly informal colonies
established

78. • Empire building depended on force or
threat of force, Briton Hilaire Belloc
said:
“Whatever happens we have got the
Maxim
Gun and they have not.”

79. • New European empires greatly impacted
colonial people
– Mixed together enemies and split up tribes
– Loss of political sovereignty
– All people became subjects of European
empires

80. • Different ways of establishing colonies
– Britain and France took advantage of the
fragmenting Mughal empire to divide and
conquer
– The Dutch took advantage of local rivalries
to gain control in Indonesia
– In both cases colonization was a slow and
unorganized process
– Later colonization in Africa and South East
Asia and the Pacific were much more
deliberate

81. • The Scramble for Africa
– Intense European competition to divide up the
continent
– Formalized by the Berlin Conference of 1885
– By 1900, most of Africa was under European
control
– Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained sovereign
– Europeans knew little about the people they
conquered
– Europeans used a variety of methods to gain
control; treaties, trickery, and conquest
– Creation of random political boundaries laid
the foundation for future ethnic conflict

82. By 1885

83. • Local leaders took many actions to try
to avoid foreign rule
– Sometimes they enlisted the help of other
Europeans
– Signed treaties (often unequal)
– Attempted to make Western powers fight
each other
– Attempted to directly fight Europeans

84. Questions
1. Describe how Western powers
established colonies in Africa?
2. How did this process differ from the
creation of Spheres of Influence in
China?

85. Under European Rule
Section B

86. Point of View
• 1902, a British soldier in East Africa
described the conquest of a village:
“Every soul was either shot or bayonetted…
We burned all the huts and razed the banana
plantations to the ground.”
What does this quote suggest about
imperialism in Africa?

87. Cooperation and Rebellion
• Many colonized people worked for their
colonizers
– There was a shortage of European officials
and soldiers in the colonies
– Members of former ruling classes used
being employed by European powers to
maintain their own status
– In India, the British established Princely
States, areas ruled by Mughal princes loyal
to the British

88. • Colonial governments and missionary
groups set up schools
– Local education led to the emergence of a
group of low level administrators
– Wealthy and powerful colonial people were
able to send their children abroad for formal
educations
– This group of Western educated elites filled
key colonial positions
– This group eventually led the nationalist
independence movements of the 20th century

89. • Despite the cooperation, there were
also rebellions like the 1857-1858:
Sepoy Mutiny aka Indian Rebellion
– A mutiny led by Hindu and Muslim sepoy
over mistreatment and cultural insensitivity
– Brutally crushed by the British East India
Company
– An outrage Parliament disbands the BEIC
and takes direct control over India
– Racial tension grows

90. Colonial Empires with a
Difference
• White Dominions often saw greater
separation between colonizers and colonized
• In South Africa, black South Africans were
forced into “homelands” by Europeans
attempting to exploit laborers while limiting
their position in society
• European technology: rail roads, telegraphs,
and medicines also planted seeds of change

91. Questions
1. What are some reasons colonial peoples
might cooperate with outside powers?
2. Why might they oppose foreign rule?
3. How were European colonies of the 19th
century different from earlier
colonies?

92. Ways of Working: Comparing
Colonial Empires
Section C

93. Economies of Coercion: Forced
Labor and the Power of the State
• Colonial peoples were often forced to
provide manual labor laying rail roads,
clearing land, mining, collecting rubber,
and growing cash crops
• In Africa and South East Asia,
European rule was especially brutal
• Belgium’s King Leopold II was notorious
for his brutal treatment of people in
the Congo

94. “We were always in the forest to find
rubber vines, to go without food, and our
women had to give up cultivating in the
gardens. Then we starved…. We begged
the White Man to leave us alone, saying
we could get no more rubber, but the
White Man and the soldiers said “Go. You
are only beasts yourselves….” When we
failed and our rubber was short, the
soldiers came to our town and killed us.
Many were shot, some had their ears cut
off; others were tied with ropes around
their necks and taken away.”

95. Question
• Provide evidence that Belgian rule was
especially brutal

96. Economies of Cash Crop Agriculture:
The Pull of the Market
• British powers encouraged widespread cotton
cultivation in India and Egypt, and rice
production in Burma.
• The push for cash crops led to less food
farming and caused famines
• In Vietnam the destruction of rain forest to
create plantations was environmentally
devastating
• Colonized places developed unhealthy,
economically dependent relationships with
their colonizers

97. Economies of Wage Labor:
Working for Europeans
• Colonial people sought employment in
European plantations and mines
• Overcrowding in colonial cities led to
poverty, disease and death
• The British sent Indian workers to their
colonies all over the world
• A 1913 law in South Africa put 88% of the
land under European control; black South
Africans flocked to European owned farms
to avoid deportation to “homelands”

98. Women in the Colonial Economy:
Africa a Case Study
• Prior to colonization women throughout
Africa were involved in farming and had
some economic autonomy
• As colonial economies grew, men moved
to cities and plantations to earn wages
increasing the number of hours women
had to spend farming from around 46
hours a week to over 70!

99. Assessing Colonial Developments
• Colonization spurred modern industrial
growth around the world
• Further integrated Africa and Asia into
the global economy
• Led to the adoption of Western styled
governments following independence
• The desire to rid themselves of foreign
rule led to massive nationalist
movements throughout the 20th century

100. Questions
1. Describe the relationship between
imperialism and coerced labor
2. How did cash-crop economies transform the
lives of colonial people?
3. Why did some colonial people seek out wage
labor?
4. How did wage labor impact colonial peoples?
5. How were the lives of African women
changed as a result of imperialism?