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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
                             Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat
langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan
(tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan
kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech
kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah
berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke
dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

Simple present - menjadi - Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai
berikut :

Direct Speech                 Indirect Speech

Simple present                Simple past

Present continuous            Past continuous

Present perfect               Past perfect

Present perfect continuous    Past perfect continuous

Simple past                   Past perfect

Past continuous               Past perfect continuous

Future                        Past

Present                       Past

Kekecualian :
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata
kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:

Direct Speech                             Indirect Speech

this = ini                                that = itu

these = ini                               those = itu

come = datang                             go = pergi

here = di sini, ke sini                   there = di sana, ke sana

hence = dari sini                         thence = dari sana

hither = ke tempat ini                    thither = ke tempat itu

ago = yang lalu                           before = lebih dahulu

now = sekarang                            then = pada waktu itu

today = hari ini                          that day = hari itu

tomorrow = besok                          next day = hari berikutnya

yesterday = kemarin                       the previous day = sehari
                                          sebelumnya
last night = tadi malam
                                          the previous night = semalam
next week = minggu depan                  sebelumnya

thus = begini                             the following week = minggu
                                          berikutnya
contoh :
                                          so = begitu
He said, “I will come here”.
                                          He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika
berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita

Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini
terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah
direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb - Reported speech

Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan
mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.

Direct                                           Indirect

He said to me, “Where are you going?”            He asked me where I was going

He said to me, “What are you doing?”             He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech
dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :

Direct                                           Indirect

He said to me, “Are you going                    He asked me whether I was

away today?”                                     going away that day.
He asked me , “can you come along?”          He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata
kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

 command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.

 precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.

 request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.

 entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon
   (dengan sangat).

 prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus
diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam
reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

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DIRECT SPEECH

  • 1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma. Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”. Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb. Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech : Peraturan I Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense. Direct Speech - Indirect Speech Simple present - menjadi - Simple past He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut : Direct Speech Indirect Speech Simple present Simple past Present continuous Past continuous Present perfect Past perfect Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Simple past Past perfect Past continuous Past perfect continuous Future Past Present Past Kekecualian :
  • 2. Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh : Direct Speech - Indirect Speech He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah: Direct Speech Indirect Speech this = ini that = itu these = ini those = itu come = datang go = pergi here = di sini, ke sini there = di sana, ke sana hence = dari sini thence = dari sana hither = ke tempat ini thither = ke tempat itu ago = yang lalu before = lebih dahulu now = sekarang then = pada waktu itu today = hari ini that day = hari itu tomorrow = besok next day = hari berikutnya yesterday = kemarin the previous day = sehari sebelumnya last night = tadi malam the previous night = semalam next week = minggu depan sebelumnya thus = begini the following week = minggu berikutnya contoh : so = begitu He said, “I will come here”. He said that he would go there Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
  • 3. Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen (ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara) Peraturan II 1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech. Reporting verb - Reported speech Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun) Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “. Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah) Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “. Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah) Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “. Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah) Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “. Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah) 2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan. Direct Indirect He said to me, “Where are you going?” He asked me where I was going He said to me, “What are you doing?” He inquired of me what I was doing b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan : Direct Indirect He said to me, “Are you going He asked me whether I was away today?” going away that day.
  • 4. He asked me , “can you come along?” He asked me if I could come along. 3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan : command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan. precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati. request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon. entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat). prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang. Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to. a) Command : Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!” Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once b) Precept : Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!” Indirect: He advised her son to study hard c) Request : Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!” Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil d) Entreaty : Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”